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0:00
I news nerds in this video we're going to talk about blood typing all right so first off I want you guys to take a second pause the video and write down this key because this key is going to be critical for us being able to go through all these blood typings again knowing that A can give to A and AB, B can give to B and AB, AB can give to AB and O can give to everyone and then here's the really important thing with the Rh factor the negative can give to A negative and A positive but A positive
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can only give to A positive not A negative and we'll explain that so pause the video take a sec and write that down because you're going to need it for the rest of this video. Alright so first off what do I mean by all these things of A B and AB and O an Rh and all that stuff well let's come over here if we look here at this red blood cell red blood cell has all these different types of surface markers that let's the immune system know that this is your blood type right and any kind of blood
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type other than what you're supposed to have is foreign so we've got a lot of these blue proteins popping off of the red blood cell membrane and we're going to denote these accordingly so there's a specific gene that activates the specific surface marker for A antigen and there's another gene that can activate a specific surface antigen for B so that's your B antigen and then there's another one that can be transcribed and translated to make another antigen and that is Rh
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antigen so all of these are different types of antigens to let your immune system know this is my blood type anything that could be different from this could possibly be incompatible and we'll go over that next thing so if you have an A antigen you're A you're A that's your blood if you have a B antigen your B blood if you have an A and a B antigen you're AB blood now here's where it gets crazy if you have no A or no B antigen your O ok so again real quick
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if you have A you're A blood if you have B your B blood if you have A and B you're AB and if you don't have A and you don't have B you are O last thing if you have the Rh antigen all that says is that you have Rh so that means that you're positive for the Rh antigen so positive and if you don't have the Rh antigen that means that you don't have it so you're negative for it so you're negative one more thing if the person has an A antigen right that means that
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they don't have these specific things in their circulation to protect them called A antibodies so let's pretend that some of this person does not have the A antigen so what would they have in the circulation that I would have anti A antibodies let's pretend that this person did not have B antigen on this red blood cell so what type of antibodies would they have they would have anti-B antibodies unless say this person did not have the Rh antigen on its cell surface it would have the Rh
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anti bodies and these antibodies are designed to be able to protect us from our immune system that protects our blood from getting any type of incompatible blood and we'll talk about what that means specifically here in a second all right so let's go ahead and go through each one of these scenarios then so what I have over here I have a whole bunch of different scenarios I have three different dishes and this first one in every single one of these dishes it's coated with
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A antibodies this one's coated with anti-B antibodies and this dish is coated with anti Rh antibodies so if there's any type of antigen there'll be what's called so you know if you have these antigens I showed you those blue antigens if you have a blue antigen and it interacts with an antibody this will produce what's called agglutination agglutination which is the clumping so to produce clumping of the red blood cells so if that means if i have an A antigen and this is covered with A
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antibodies it'll produce clumping so let's say that this I actually do let's say look there's clumping all this right here all is clumping but there's no clumping anywhere else that means in this one I had to have the A antigen but in this one I don't have the B antigen and then this one I don't have the Rh antigen so I'm only going to be A, but I don't have the Rh antigen I'm a negative ok so I'm a negative let's actually put a nicer color here so we can stand out guys let's play another color
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here let's put blue here so this is A negative okay now donating we already said who can A donate to A can donate to A and you can donate to AB already have that down and then the next thing is what do we have he's negative well what did I say a negative can give to a negative can get to a negative or you can give to a positive so this person could donate to A negative or positive and this person could go donate to an AB negative or a B+ okay receive what type of antibodies does you have in in
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circulation here let's write that up top that be a good thing to write on top so what kind of antibodies would he have present and its circulation because if they don't have the B antigen they have to have anti-B antibodies and they have to have anti Rh antibodies so if you give this person any type of blood from B or from Rh they will not accept that so they can only accept blood from A so you can only give this person A blood so they can only receive A blood and now
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let's even be more specific what do they have in their circulation they have Rh antibodies and if they have Rh antibodies they're going to react with anyone who is positive and so if they react with anyone who is positive we cannot give them a positive blood we can only give them a negative blood alright so that's who could receive from this person right now let's go on and keep moving forward here, one more thing let's also think about another situation what if this person doesn't
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even have any antigens whatsoever no antigens what is that called whenever they don't have an A antigen or B antigen or an Rh antigen well we know it's the lack of A and B is 0 and the lack of Rh is negative so who is our universal donor in other words O-negative so O negative can also give this blood okay they can also receive from O-negative now come over here what if someone clumps in A any clumping the Rh that means that they're A and positive this is A positive blood so they're A positive
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blood again let's go back up here what type of any]tibody that this person have they would have anti-B antibodies again who can A donate to A can donate to A and AB the rule sets positive can only give to a positive so you can only give to A positive and AB+ next thing what does this person have it in circulation be antibody so we cannot give this person any type of blood with B antigens on it so you can only get it from A or O again so you can get from A or you can
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get it from O but does this person have Rh antibodies no so it does not matter whether you give them Rh positive blood or Rh negative blood because they have no antibodies to react with so therefore you can give this to they can receive from A negative 0 negative A positive or 0 positive it's so easy right I suppose come in here do this one let's say now there's clumping and be so there's agglutination reaction be but no agglutination reaction here in Rh so what
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does that mean we already know this right a lot of easier now because now we know what just going to be B but without the Rh so it's B negative going based off that chart again who can B give to, you can give to B and AB but what does the rules say negative can give to a negative and it can also give to a positive so we're good you can give to B negative he can give to AB+ he can give to B positive and it can give to AB- not bad right now the next thing what kind of antibodies would this
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person have in their plasma they would have anti A antibodies and they would have anti Rh antibodies so you cannot give them any type of blood that has A first off so they can't get a so they can't get A or they can't get AB so they can only get B or 0 because all they can actually receive from they can only receive really from B and O O will always be a universal donor so you can always put 0 in there right now let's go back to this thing what do they have in their plasma Rh antibodies so
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they cannot receive blood from anybody with Rh positive so what does that mean this can only receive from B negative and O Negative easy right now let do this next one what if it clumps within B and it clumps with an Rh what does that mean that means that they are B positive right so it's B positive who can B give to you can give to B and AB what kind of antibodies does this person have within the circulation anti and anti a antibodies the next thing if this person is B positive
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positive can only give to positive so they can only donate to someone whose B positive and someone who is AB+ who can they receive from they just cannot receive from anyone who has a so they can't receive from A or a B so they can only receive from B and from 0 and again if you look at it what would this person have does you have any Rh antibodies no so therefore it wouldn't matter if he's Rh positive or Rh negative it wouldn't matter there would be compatibility so you could receive from
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B positive O positive B negative and O negative alright alright let's go do some more examples over here we come over here and let's say that this person has clumping within A clumping within the B but no clumping in the Rh that means that they're AB- alright so the first things AB- so this person is AB- right what does that mean for their antibodies what would they have within their plasma circulation they would have anti Rh antibodies within their plasma right so
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they have it have anti Rh antibodies who can they donate to like AB can only if you look at the chart AB can only donate to himself because AB is the universal recipient so we've been receiving from everybody but doesn't like to donate to anybody but himself so he can only give to AB what's the rule though AB- so negatives can give to negative or positive so you can give to AB- and it'd be positive so what if the others in its circulation is Rh antibodies but he doesn't have
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antibodies and he doesn't have B antibodies so what does that mean I can give him A blood B blood and AB blood right so if you think about it again who can donate to anybody O, O can always give to anybody who wants so they can receive from 0 again we're going to receive from they can receive from A they can receive from B they can receive from AB and they can receive from O but again what do they have in their circulation the plasma circulation they have Rh
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antibodies so if someone decides to give this person positive blood it would interact and cause the aggkutination so they cannot receive from positive blood only from negative so it can only receive from A negative B negative AB- and O negative ok now do this next one let's say that the person actually has clumping here here and here so this person's a B+ now again who can AB give to he can only give to himself same thing can only give to himself then we follow the rule positive can only give
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to a positive so this is just AB positive here that's it receive again this guy is the universal recipient so he loves to receive from everyone so again he loves recieve from A, B, himself and O and again what does the evidence circulation he has no Rh antibodies so this is a perfect recipient he can receive from anybody doesn't matter what blood type doesn't matter what you're Rh factor so you can receive from A positive and negative B positive and negative AB positive and negative and
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O positive and negative it's easy right all right now let's come over here and do this one let's say that this person does not have any clumping whatsoever no clumping whatsoever well I know that if they don't have any A they don't have any B that's O and they don't have the Rh negative O negative now if their O negative right they don't have the A antigens they don't have the B antigen and they don't have the Rh antigen so what would they have in their plasma
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circulation they would have all of the antibodies in their plasma they would have A antibodies they would have B antibodies and they would have Rh antibodies so if you think about it who can they donate to well they can actually donate to anyone because they have no antigens whatsoever so it doesn't matter what's in that person's the recipients plasma circulation it wouldn't matter because he has no antigen to attack so he can literally give to everyone he can give to A, B,
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AB and himself and again he's negative negative can give to negative or positive so you have the positive negative positive negative positive negative positive negative but receiving look he can't receive from Jack diddly squat right he can't receive from A he can't receive from B and he can't receive any Rh because he has everything to attack that so literally all he can receive from is himself alright that's all he can receive from so all he can receive from is himself so he's a great donor
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but a terrible recipient and again why can only be negative because if you try to give them an Rh positive blood the Rh antibodies will attack it come over here what if this person does not clot in A doesn't clump in B but does clump within the Rh well this person is no A no B that's O clumped in Rh positive that's 0 positive so this person is O positive where do you know who we can donate to we can donate to everyone he's the universal donor right but specific ones
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will talk about which one so A you can give to A he can give to B he can give to AB and he gives himself but positives can only give the positives it can't gives negatives so you can only give to A positive B positive AB+ and 0 positive what type of antibodies does this person have a net circulation he has A antibodies anti B antibodies so if you try to give this person A blood B blood AB blood it would actually cause clumping so that's not good we do not want that so again he
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cannot receive he can only receive from O in general you can only receive from himself so he can only receive from O but does this person have an Rh antibody No so because he doesn't have an Rh antibody it does not matter what kind of blood you give him whether you give them positive or negative they don't have antibodies to attack it so this person can receive from 0 positive or 0 negative that's it now before we finish up I want to talk about one of the most
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dangerous mismatched transfusions but it's actually endogenous it's actually within the person's body so when a woman is pregnant it's usually isn't a problem in the first birth and sometimes not even in the second birth it might actually be that the chances increase every birth where a mother let's say the mother is Rh negative and the baby is Rh positive so again it's not a problem within the first birth and sometimes not even in the second birth but the chances increases with every
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birth if the baby is already positive that means that it has to have a Rh antigen on the membrane so look here's this Rh antigen and the baby this is your placenta fallopian tubes right now here's your baby and it's got the Rh antigen right there so the Rh antigens present there in the first birth whenever the placenta breaks away from the actual from the uterus some of the blood from the fetus can actually leak into the mother's blood and whenever the mother receives this
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Rh-positive blood let's say that she's Rh negative so she doesn't have any antibody so look this actual babies red blood cell gets leaked over into the mothers circulation in the first birth so the first birth it was okay right because mom doesn't have Rh antibodies unless she's actually had some type of mismatch transfusion if these red blood cells get leaked in here now look it's got the Rh antigen right here if it's got the Rh antigen the the moms immune system will produce antibodies
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against large antigens but in the second birth so now in the second birth this person let's say that she has another baby is Rh-positive by terrible chance now she has the antI Rh antibodies so in the first birth her immune system so let's say here's her immune system the immune system will produce these antibodies in response to this actual mismatch transfusion from the baby but now watch what happens here in the second birth if the mother again is having a baby's Rh positive these
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antibodies they can cross the placenta another igg antibodies and igg antibodies or IGM antibodies can actually will specifically igg antibodies can cross through the placenta and look what happens over here it comes over in an attacks it attacks this baby's red blood cells and if these antibodies attack this baby's red blood cells undergo agglutination and hemolysis then this baby is going to have hemolytic anemia and this is a very very terrible condition because it
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actually destroys a ton of the baby's red blood cells increases bilirubin levels to the maximum and actually can cause kernicterus and mental retardation a lot of problems this baby will develop a condition which is called hemolytic disease of a newborn or sometimes they call it erythroblastosis fetalis ok and again what is that cause it's usually more common within the second or third or fourth birth where the baby is Rh positive and the mother is Rh negative and her
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antibodies her anti Rh antibodies attack the baby's red blood cells by crossing the placenta cause hemolytic damage kernicterus mental retardation it's a very very dangerous condition so now what they do now when they recognize that and they know that they give a drug they give an anti Rh antibody drug so they actually give a drug to block this look at it so now I can give a drug to block this what are these a purple proteins here called this purple protein is called RhoGAM not
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Rogaine, RhoGAM okay Rogaine's for hair growth so you don't want that we won't want rogaine here so RhoGAM is an anti Rh antibody and look what it does it actually binds here to these antI Rh antibodies and prevents them from actually attacking the baby's red blood cells and then what will happen there won't be any destruction or damage to the baby's red blood cells so again that covers pretty much everything that we're going to need to know here for the actual ABO blood typing and
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erythroblastosis fetalis all right ninja nerds
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