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0:11
hello massage nerds i am really excited about continuing all these reviews my goal is to continue putting out reviews until we hit all 11 systems i've done the skeletal system review the muscular system review today we're going to be doing the cardiovascular review
0:33
so the cardiovascular system i'm going to list anatomy and and the physiology remember the anatomy are the parts and then the physiology is how it all works together okay so uh most cells are embedded in the tissues and the cells don't don't move so the it's the job of the cardiovascular system the blood to bring the nutrients to all those cells throughout your whole body cardiology is the study of the cardiovascular system
1:09
the anatomy obviously is the blood and remember that blood is connective tissue so the anatomy remembers the blood the blood vessels which is the arteries the veins and the capillaries and the heart which the heart is a pump those are the parts of the cardiovascular system the anatomy now the physiology is how it works it transports gases nutrients hormones uh waste and cell pro cellular products it uh it's also for protection it protects us because it uh has the white blood
1:48
cells we which builds up our immune system which is really what fights diseases although you know we have five types of white blood cells and i'll go a little bit more into that and also one of the functions of the um the physiology of the cardiovascular sister is that combats hemorrhaging you know every time you have a cut and you start bleeding you know the platelets is what you know stops that bleeding so it's very very important for clotting you know for clotting in your system
2:21
so blood is the red fluid circulating throughout your heart vas throughout your heart vessels and the color depends on its oxygen or content okay we all have red blood there's no such thing as blue blood the reason that um you know pictures of the heart and the and the blood is picture in blue and red i'll explain to you in a minute has to do has to do with oxygen content okay the characteristics
2:50
of blood has to do with um you know it's thick it's viscous it's more adhesive than water it is slightly alkaline it's not acid it's slightly alkaline because it needs to keep all the nutrients alive it was too acid it would you know kill them and it's warmer than um body temperature so your blood is slightly warmer it's actually one of the things that keeps us really warm
3:22
approximately eight percent of the body weight is blood we have about on an average adult we have about five five quarts or 12 pints of blood you know circulating throughout our system
3:40
and oh blood is made up of 55 plasma plasma you know is 55 i mean 90 water so you can see why it's so important to drink a lot of water guys you know even though i know a lot of you are staying home now please don't forget to drink lots of water we should be drinking our body weight half of that in ounces of water so let's say i weigh 100 and you know 120 pounds so i need to be drinking 60 ounces of water every day it's very important for the blood
4:15
and for all of our other organs uh hematopoiesis is blood formation and remember from the skeletal system that it takes place in the bone in the red bone marrow okay and there's three types of cells there's the erythrocytes urethral the prefix means red you know leuko means white so leukocytes um there's five types of leukocytes and we'll talk about those in a minute and thrombocytes you know those are the ones those are the platelets aka platelets that are for blood clotting
4:54
okay so i talked about plasma being 90 water and 55 of your blood composition
5:07
blood plasma contains glucose hormones dissolved proteins and clotting factors such as fibrinogen
5:16
okay so there's the uh the five types of leukocytes and they're you know i i don't know that we all need to know the names of them but i'll give you the names that neutrophils monocytes use of you use yosinophil and lymphocytes and basil fills and remember the erythrocytes the red blood cells are the ones that carry oxygen and you know they're hemoglobin as a matter of fact red blood cells don't have a nucleus they lose their nucleus so that it can have more surface
5:52
area to carry oxygen and so that they can bend they have to go the capillaries are so small that sometimes the the red blood cells have to fold in half to be able you know to fit through the capillaries so red blood cells do not have a nucleus their life is approximately three months 120 days and then they go to the spleen you know to be recycled so um and the white blood cells they live anywhere from you know two weeks to years because of your body if you let's say you
6:32
get the you know some kind of a flu or some kind of a you know sore throat or something you you get sick your body remembers that you know that virus or that bacteria in your body and it has you know builds up an immunity to it that's where vaccines come from vaccines give you a small dose of a bacteria of a virus so that your body can build up the white blood cells so that five years from now if you're ever exposed to chickenpox or the flu or you know it remembers
7:06
because it's already built up an immunity to it we have a natural immune system that's wonderful if you stay healthy and drink plenty of water and get plenty of rest you know we are born built with everything we need to survive so erythrocytes transport oxygen and carbon dioxide they're also called red blood cells hemoglobin binds to oxygen carbon dioxide so that they can be transported
7:37
and it is the most numerous cell are the red blood cells we have more red blood cells than white and more than um than the uh platelets so their shape is concave they're flat in the middle so that i got ahead of myself with that one they're flat in the middle so they can carry more oxygen
7:59
ah the lifespan is anywhere from 105 to 120 days oh and it has the classification of blood types a b or o you know a b are universal recipients and uh o are universal donors okay so the leukocytes which is leuco means white defends the um pathogens it's like it's like an army it's like an army of cells that if they detect any bacteria or anything that's you know that shouldn't be in your body they go against it you know so they're called the white blood cells
8:38
are the fighters you know the ones that go out there and fight any infection that you might have they remove the dead cells and the the lifespan is anywhere from a few hours to a few days to years
8:55
uh thrombosites reduce blood loss from damaged vessels by promoting uh you know hemostasis so that means they stop the bleeding you know if you ever get a cut you know the fibrinogen they're like little it's like a net that forms right there's gets sticky so that the red blood cells can get trapped it's like when you're fishing you know when you're fishing you know it forms like a little net over a cut and then all the red blood cells and you know
9:23
thrombocytes get stuck there and they're jagged so they form like a little net and then they form the scab you know so though that's very important for uh for our homeostasis of our bodies so that we don't bleed to death and the lifespan of thrombosis anywhere from seven to ten days
9:45
um let me continue here
9:52
um oh i already talked about the universal recipient is the ab or you know the universal donor is the o type okay so let's talk about the heart this is like one of my favorite things to talk about the blood circulation of the heart the heart is like um it's like the size of both of your hands put together if you put your hands together this is about the size of your heart and it does lay almost in the middle of your chest but the apex which is the um pointier part the apex is
10:24
more towards the left and then the base which is the widest part is a little bit higher so let's talk about the the heart is a pump the heart has to pump to get the blood through your whole system you know we're going to talk about the different um types of uh systems okay the different uh like okay let me let me go over the layers we have three layers in the heart the epicardium remember
10:52
epi is on top so that's the the outer layer the myocardium or myo means muscle so myocardium is the muscle part of the of the heart the middle layer and the endocardium endomeans and signs so that's the inside you know the lining of the chambers of your blood vessels and your valves
11:16
so let's talk about the heart i i have a picture here and i don't know you guys can see it but i'm gonna try to explain from here let me see if even i can see it but so arteries carry blood away from the heart so think of arteries with an a means away away from the heart they're carrying oxygenated blood away from the heart veins carry back to the heart and they carry deoxygenated blood every time you feel a pulse like your radial artery right here you feel a pulse
11:58
and you're on an artery and that's why i tell you when you guys are massaging that if you feel pulse anywhere where you're massaging you stay off of it because that means you're on an artery we have the female artery you know on on our on we can feel it on your foot where they can feel the pulse and remember artery signs are named by where they travel just kind of like the veins like the nerves you know where you have the axillary nerve well you also have the you
12:24
know the axo axillary you know uh vein so remember that they are named by where they're traveling the femoral artery because it's traveling through the femur you know the uh the nerve the femoral nerve you know because it's traveling through the femur so think of that the arteries their name it's it's the same ones but they're by depends of where they're traveling so arteries take blood away arteries for away from the heart veins bring it back into veins i and into the heart okay
13:01
so once they get to the heart and remember we're always talking about anatomical position so the veins bringing back the deoxygenated blood that's why this look blue when it looks blue it means that it doesn't have any oxygen that it's already been delivered to all your cells so it comes in through the um you know through the superior vena cava okay superior vena cavia and the inferior vena cava so these are veins okay so that's why they're blue they deliver it
13:32
to the right atrium the right atrium opens up the tricuspid valve opens up and delivers it to the ventricle and from the ventricle it pumps it to the lungs the only exception
13:50
that we have arteries carry oxygenated blood except for the pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood because they're going away from the heart into the lungs remember arteries carry the oxygenated blood and towards the heart when the when it gets to the heart and there's no more oxygen then it goes to the lungs to drop off the carbon you know the carbon dioxide and pick up more oxygen after it picks up the oxygen the pulmonary veins which
14:34
is the other exception because remember veins only carry the oxygenated blood except for the pulmonary veins because they picked up the oxygen from the lungs now they're going to deliver it to the left atrium full of oxygen and then the left atrium goes through the bicuspid valve
14:56
and into the uh left ventricle and then again it pumps and it goes to the aorta and the aorta has all the you know the oxygen and it takes it through your whole system again so when it's going through your whole system is the um it's going through your body and then there's another system where it only goes into your lungs okay so i hope i didn't um confuse you so i know i talk a lot but
15:27
oxygenated blood is carried by the arteries away from the heart deoxygenated blood is carried back into the heart and that's why it's blue okay except for the pulmonary artery and the pulmonary veins those are the only exceptions where it reverses okay i hope that didn't that makes it a little more clear vein return right vein return vein return
16:05
okay so the tricuspid valve and i and the bicuspid valve is what's in between the atrium and the ventricle atrium i don't know if you guys have ever been in a house that has an atrium that's like the receiving the receiving chamber where you go into it i remember i used to have an atrium in a house and it was my receiving chamber and so the atrium that's why they call the two heart valve i mean the two uh the first ones are the atriums where you receive the blood
16:34
and then from there it goes to the ventricles okay so the right side of the heart has the tricuspid valve from the atrium to the ventricle and the bicuspid valve because it only has two little flaps is on the left side between the left atrium and the left ventricle and the bicuspid valve also has another name which is a mitral valve why does this one have two names and the tricuspid only has one i don't know if you find out let me know why because those things really
17:10
you know confuse me and you know it's like why does one have two names and the other one doesn't so the the cusp tricuspid means three three little flaps and bicuspid means two little flaps okay so then let's keep on oh the closure of the valves when you hear the tricuspid valve and the bicuspid valve is the love dub that you hear when you hear a heartbeat if you have a stethoscope and you you hear your heartbeat or your the doctors listening that love
17:49
is the closing of the tricuspid valve and the bicuspid valve that's the sound that it makes
17:59
okay so the coordinates cardiac cycle let me take a drink of water my throat's getting dry here
18:11
the cardiac cycle is the sequence of events from the beginning of one heartbeat to the next like lub dub that's the cardiac cycle love the because you know it's going through one heartbeat to the next the heart rate is the number of cycles in one minute you know like you know how when you're exercising you count you know up to 15 let's say minus price fast because i'm talking but let's say it's uh you know 15 seconds let's count for 15 seconds and uh see how many you
18:49
you you feel right here at the radial artery so in 15 seconds let's say i hear 15 you multiply that times four you know that would be you know 60 so that would be 60 hearts 60 beats per minute and that is the heart rate heart rate is how many times your heart beats in a minute and when you exercise and you're in good shape your heart rate should be lower like athletes have you know a heart rate of 40 to 50. now if you're you know very
19:20
stressed or you know you've been running then your heart rate usually goes up really high
19:29
okay so let's see we talked about how the blood flows through the right atrium left atrium
19:38
pulmonary hair you know artery lungs pulmonary vein back into the left ventricle now it's full of oxygen and then from the left from the left atrium to the left ventricle and then to the aorta
19:58
okay oh the uh av node is the one that sets the pace let me see the sa node is the one that sets the pace you know like people you've heard of people that get a pacemaker you know replaced because that's the one that sets you know the pace of your heart your heart has its own you know um
20:26
energy it doesn't even depend on the nervous system it depends on itself you know to keep it going you know so that's a good thing you know that's a good thing that you know it can beat by itself and that it can set its you know um heartbeat on its own and that's what stim and it stimulates itself to keep on pumping because remember that heart is a pump it has to pump the blood through your whole system it's a closed you know like the the blood doesn't leave the arteries
20:59
you know it never leaves it's all done through diffusion so let me see if we saw the heart
21:08
okay so i i got ahead of myself again so it's a close network of tubes you know that's that's what they are it's a closed network of tubes the blood doesn't leave the veins or the arteries it stays within so we have arteries veins and capillaries the arteries are named by nearby structures and they're identified as left or right and um the arteries are thicker think of a water hose when you're watering you know like your aorta is almost as thick as a water hose it has to be
21:42
thick because it's gotta pump blood throughout your whole system from your heart so it and it works under pressure if you guys ever remember you know with those squirt guns you know that it goes from high concentration to lower concentration so the the ventricles contract to push that blood out you know and that's when they measure your blood pressure if your ventricles are not relaxing enough you know that you're putting too much pressure on your heart i think we're
22:13
going to talk about blood pressure right now so the walls of the arteries are thicker the walls of the veins are a little thinner because they're just carrying blood back into the heart
22:28
okay oh vasyl dilation and you all know this with massaging a vasodilation is when it turns red you know and that's what we do friction you know on the arm you know there's or you know when you have you know let's say you get a sticker and it turns red you know there's a lot of blood there when it turns red you create vasodilation that's to you know to it brings heat it brings more blood flow to that area to heal itself remember that blood brings nutrients to the you
23:00
know to the muscles to all of your organs so what it does is it brings the oxygen and the nutrients you know back into your cells that you need so that's how we get fed is through our you know through our blood which is very important hyperemia or vasoconstriction it becomes smaller you know like with ice when you put ice on your body it turns your skin white because it's pushing the the blood away from the surface of the body hyperemia is increased local blood flow the skin
23:37
may redden and feel warm ischemia is decreased blood flow skin may become pale and feel cool and we see a lot of ischemia in our practice you know so i think when you get sensitive enough to notice body tissue let's say you're working on somebody's back and you see where it's kind of pale you know maybe by the rhomboids then you know that it's ischemic that the the the fascia is squeezing maybe the muscle's so tight it's not letting the blood flow freely
24:08
through there so that's our job to create you know vasodilation and bring blood flow to that area so it can start relaxing and releasing and i always tell my students that really all we do is assist the body to heal itself that's really all we do we don't you know we're not miracle workers intent is very important but we're really just assisting the body to heal itself because we're controlled you know we're helping the body you know get the blood flow again somebody just said hi
24:43
so i know we work a lot with ischemia so when you're working on a body and you see that it's kind of pale that means that they don't have a lot of blood flow to that area so you can increase it by manipulating the tissue around it and also by you know cupping wash off there's lots of techniques friction to potent all of those you know
25:07
so vessels transporting blood away from the heart are the are you know the arteries blood and arteries okay i already said all this sorry i always get ahead of myself
25:22
pulse is where you know when you feel your pulse that's from the arteries arterioles arterioles are smaller thinner you know uh arteries so you have arteries rdos veins venues and then capillaries capillaries are the smaller ones it's in the capillary beds where gas exchanges it's in the capillary beds where you exchange the oxygen for the carbon you know
25:53
dioxide oh okay so now we're talking about the blood pressure systole systole or systole depending some people pronounce the systole some systole are when the ventricles contract and eject blood so as the pressure in the arteries increase so systole is the top number so it's that would be like your 120 over 80. that's perfect blood pressure 120 over 80. so
26:26
diastole is the when the ventricles relax okay and they fill up with blood so that's when they're empty after they've pushed out the blood the ventricles the ventricles are also stronger just kind of like the arteries they're thicker the atriums are a little thinner because they don't have to push blood very far it's just to the chamber below so they receive the blood and you know they're going from on top the ventricles are on top of the heart and then the valves open
26:54
and they just deliver it to the bottom part which would be the ventricles okay so they don't have to go very far they don't have to you know be as thick now the ventricles have to squeeze harder to push the blood you know through your whole system the left ventricle has to really squeeze hard and when those don't relax enough after you know uh they've pumped the blood that's where high blood pressure comes from that's the more dangerous number is the the diastolic number is
27:23
the more dangerous number the bottom one so that's why they tell you you know if you're up to 90 120 over 90 that's you know already borderline you know hypertension because you're trying to keep it at 120 over 80 because that means your heart is working too hard to you know to pump out the blood and that's where you get high blood pressure that's why exercise is so important guys you really have to you know um to exercise so the stigma monometer stigma monometer
27:59
is like that's a mouthful if you guys can say it i tell my students if you guys can say this in class i'll give you you know i'll give you 10 points fake mammon a meter it's nothing more than than the stethoscope so that's a fancy name for the stethoscope blood normal blood blood pressure is 120 over 80. high blood pressure hypertension is considered 140 over 90. so the capillaries is worth gas and nutrients exchanged they're thin very permeable you know walls
28:36
they move blood from within the capillaries and slow intermittent microcirculation is the blood flow in the capillary beds remember i was telling you by diffusion they deliver oxygen and then they pick up carbon dioxide in the capillary beds and that's where the red blood cells sometimes have to fold you know that's why they're by concave so that they can fall to pass through the capillaries because the capillaries are so small that's why they don't have a nucleus
29:09
you know so that they can bend because the capillaries are really really really small
29:15
uh veins return uh blood to the heart veins with the eye end they bring it back into the heart and they bring deoxygenated oxygen depleted blood except for the pulmonary veins remember that's there's two exceptions pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood and walls are thinner we talked about that the venules are smaller and branch out
29:50
oh most blood is carried in the veins okay so you know venus return you know it returns back into your heart that's why walking is home exercise is so important because the skeletal muscles help pump the blood okay they help pump the blood throughout your body too like people i don't know if all of you have ever traveled you know been on a flight for a long time or in a car and your ankles get kind of swollen you know because you know the kind of it starts pulling the
30:23
oh i don't want to get into the lymphatic system but anyway it has to do with a lymphatic system too but so you've got to you know get up and move walking is very good for the circulatory system and veins this is something that's very important for us as therapists veins have little valves that prevent backflow okay that's why you always give a massage you know centripetal towards the heart
30:48
not centrifugal centrifugal is away from the heart so if the veins return blood back into the heart you know and the little valves close after the blood passes so it doesn't pull back you know on your foot or stay on your ankle or stay you know if you uh you know if we didn't have those little veins right here that have the valves then the blood would stay by our hands so as soon as the blood passes through the veins the little valves close so that
31:21
to prevent backflow and when you're putting pressure against those little valves that's what gives people varicose veins people that stand for too long they're constantly putting pressure against the little valves that keep the blood from flowing back that's what forms um
31:41
um what am i thinking about hello i just had a brain fart um it'll come to me right now anyway well varicose veins i just said it varicose veins it'll cause varicose veins if you put pressure against those valves it's nothing more than damage to the valves in the veins that cause um
32:05
the what i just said wow am i having a brain fart i think my brain is already varicose veins anyway
32:16
so that's the reason it's important for you to work towards the heart on the limbs you know you always want to work towards the heart when you're putting pressure you can do nerve ending strokes you can do a little bit of petrissage that's fine i don't want to scare you guys because i know some of you are going to get scared don't get scared just when you're putting pressure like if you're going with your forearm you know on the leg or the arm make sure it's always
32:39
towards the heart you don't want to put pressure against those small little valves especially with clients that come in regular because i've had clients that i've had for 20 years you know they come in well they did it up until three weeks ago they would come in regular once a week once every two weeks can you imagine if i put pressure against those vowels for 20 years eventually it damages those vowels so you've got to be very careful when you're working on your clients
33:05
you know to make sure that you know that you work towards the heart on the appendicular skeleton
33:14
okay oh i talked about the skeletal being the muscle pumps that squeeze and release and release sometimes i get ahead of myself when then i go through the process oh i already said that okay so okay so we have the pulmonary circuit and the systemic circuit the pulmonary circuit is you know it replenishes blood and back into the into the lungs so that's why it's called pulmonary remember pulmonary means lungs so the pulmonary circuit is within the lungs
33:49
the systemic circuit is throughout the whole body it transports oxygen to the whole body
33:58
okay i think and also the hepatic system you know the liver and the stomach also has its own little system
34:08
and i think that's about it
34:12
yeah yeah that's it we've covered everything so one of the things that you know i want you to take from the cardiovascular system is how important it is for us as therapists how much we affect this especially for people that are laid down all the time that are you know bedridden you know it's very important for us to continue working on them because that really helps the blood flow it prevents blood clots you know what are the symptoms of blood clots that we have to
34:42
be careful with is you always feel to see if it's hot if you see a red patch on a leg you know and it's warm to the touch and it's if it's very painful then you need to refer them you know to a doctor because it could be a blood clot and blood clots don't look like little balls it's not like it's a little ball it looks like a long like the the way the veins are you know shaped long you know so it could be a blood clot and we do have to be careful with that you know we have to be
35:15
careful with people that have diabetes because the circulation is a lot slower so we do have to slow down the massage a little bit you know for people that have you know diabetes we also if we have somebody with high blood pressure you know we want to slow it down a little bit but if we have somebody that's going to go to run in a marathon and they want a massage you know pre-event then we speed it up a little bit more so we really do have a big effect on the cardiovascular system
35:43
when we work on somebody so keep that in mind don't be intimidated and don't be afraid i know all of you will be doing you know fantastic job when we get back to work and finally get to work on our clients again so i hope this cardiovascular system review helped you it's different when i don't have people asking questions and talking to anybody in real life but hopefully this helped you and i will let you know when i do the next one until the next time guys create a wonderful day
36:31
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