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Circulatory System & Blood
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0:01
Semester [two] final exam coming up. Let's get ready so today I'm going to do the first installment, and we're going to cover the circulatory system [and] blood
0:14
so to start out we'll talk about the components of whole blood so the majority you know is made up of Plasma so plasma is the liquid portion of blood [it] takes up about 55% of your overall blood volume and
0:30
it's job is basically a medium of transport so it's going to transport houses where well as nutrients and important proteins
0:40
Clotting factors antibodies things like that hormones, so it basically transports things [it's] also a medium for chemical reactions [we] also talked about the cellular component, so erythrocytes. We know make up 45% of blood so that's the next largest component So erythrocytes remember our red blood cells they carry oxygen remember they carry a billion oxygen molecules each And then we talked about leukocytes, so leukocytes are your white blood cells we talked about?
1:11
five different types of white blood cells [in] addition to the the [white] blood cells we have platelets platelets are the thrombocytes So remember thrombus clotting so these are your clotting factors [and] if you had an infection You're going to expect an increase in white blood cells but if you are bleeding you would expect platelets to accumulate at the site of injury
1:44
So we talked about blood typing and we identified that what determines your blood type is the type [of] antigen? Present and the surface of the blood cell so remember antigens are proteins. They're markers They identify self from non-self and so you notice the little blue balls here on
2:02
Type a blood so if you have the blue ball the a antigen is [present] the purple Spike is the B notice a b has both
2:13
Type O [blood] has neither a or b. It doesn't have an h
2:18
But we don't have antibodies against h so we don't worry about it
2:22
According to land centers [y-you] have antibodies for the antigens you [vac]. So type a b has The a antibody but I'm sorry has the a antigen but not the b So the b. Is this spike right so notice the shape of this antibody would match that spike? So type a blood has b. Antibodies type b. Blood has the [a] antibodies they match the blue
2:52
circle on the A You have both antibodies from sorry you have both antigens present on the a b blood so you have no antibodies Whatsoever, so this allows you to receive anybody's blood type And then because you [have] neither a or b antibodies and type o blood you have both Despite and the circles, so you have both a and B
3:16
antibodies There's a third type of antigen that we have to worry about Nessa rh Factor
3:22
So if you have the rh factor, you're considered Rh, positive, so like I'm a plus a positive blood because I have the a antigen and the rh [antigen] And again if you don't have the rh antigen you can make rh antibodies after being exposed to it
3:44
So this page is on the genetics of blood typing over here. You can see all the different genotypes, so like type a blood can have homozygous a heterozygous a and there's two different ways you could get heterozygous a So Ia ia or ia I will both code for type a blood And the same over here you see on type B. Has three different forms [I] guess of the genotype you can be homozygous for B You got it from both parents, or maybe mom gave you b
4:17
And dad gave you I or maybe dad gave you b. And [gave] you I? If neither parent gives you an a [or] b you have type o blood so that's the only way you can get that is if you get two recessive alleles a And B are codominant [so] if they are both present they both show So you want to be able to do a punnett square that has to do with blood typing? so if you were told that mom is heterozygous for type a blood I'm going to do the shorthand and Dad is homozygous for a type b. I?
4:50
could ask you what type of blood with the children have so remember you're going to bring the Number letters down from up here. You're going to bring these letters across so you have a b You have bo half you have any p and Again, bo so there's two types of blood that you can get isn't that interesting that neither one get type a blood but you can Have a be blood or type B. Blood I could also Give you a child's genotype and say that they're homozygous for type a blood and could dad be
5:26
Type O and so you'd have to work backwards, right? so you're going to take these letters out and knowing that dad would [have] to have [two] how to to lowercase eyes and There isn't any in the homozygous a you know that that's not possible
5:44
So there is some blood donor Compatibility that we have to worry about so if you have the antibody that will attack the antigen that would be a bad thing right Since type O blood has no antigens present whatsoever Nobody has an antibody that will attack type o blood so type o blood is considered the [universal] donor because everyone can receive their blood a b because they don't have any
6:17
Antibodies whatsoever they can receive anybody's blood. So they're considered the universal Receiver or recipient [you] only have to worry about the antibodies of the receiver not of the donor
6:30
[so] now you have to look at how I saw a baby
6:34
that's a typo anyways our age mothers who are [a] [Rh-] can have problems if they receive? Or if they have an rh positive, baby right because they can make antibodies against the rh positive
6:50
baby's blood and that would attack the baby remember that hemolytic disease of the Newborn [the] same thing is true with transfusion you can get Sensitized after being exposed to [rh] blood and so the second time an rh negative person received, rh, positive blood they would Have a transfusion reaction and that [would] be bad
7:14
Some of you are going to be doctors You're going to learn how to stitch people up when they get cut others well We at least need to know how to take care [of] an injury if we get one at home So we talked about hemostasis chemo blood? Stasis standing still, [so] [the] the act of blood clotting is hemostasis We're going to use guys and pressure for a couple different [reasons]
7:37
[first] of all the gods acts like you're fibrin [you're] fibrin is the protein threads that your body uses [to]
7:46
Make a mesh that's going to catch Red cells and whatnot from escaping through a cut So that's going to be the first step in in like the actual sealing of the cut and then we're going to fracture those thrombocytes with pressure so we're going to apply gauze and pressure and the pressure serves the function of
8:08
Fracturing the platelets so they release chemicals [adp] Thromboxane that's going to attract other chemicals to the area or other platelets to the area so they can make more and more clat So that's a positive
8:21
Chemotaxis because they're coming to the chemicals that's also a positive feedback. [loop] [one] of the few that we talked about
8:29
if you're an endurance sport, you're probably already familiar with the female Triad, so the [samuel] Triad begins with a
8:38
Lot of people [wants] [a] a disorder eating. It's disorder eating or overtraining. It's Not giving them enough nutrients for your body's needs, so you're not on
8:49
Whoo I hate when I do that, [so] [you're] not Getting as much energy as your body needs and so your body starts to breakdown itself So it goes into survivor mode and it turns off all those systems that your body doesn't need and one of the systems your body Isn't going to need if you're malnourished is your reproductive cycles, so
9:11
So the first thing it's going to do is stop cycling hormones so lh and fsh, which you don't need to know Are going to stop being released from the pituitary gland which is going to tell your ovaries not release an eGg and so it's not Also, not going to release progesterone or an estrogen and estrogen is needed for calcium uptake in your bones So don't do it on seo process you get porous bones [Ico] bones porous porosity really pores
9:36
And they're brittle and it's like you're 80 years old, but you're really only 16 And you fall down and you get a broken bone, and oh shoot you're out of the game. So that's the disorder Triad
9:52
One of the other issues in sports that we talked about with blood doping. So there's a couple different ways Blood doping can take place the graphic we have down here Shows [how] if you were to take blood out you spin it through the centrifuge Separate out you're going to inject back into your body the plasma. You're going to store the red cells maybe in a freezer And then a couple of days before the event
10:17
Throw those puppies back into your body and they can carry oxygen and oxygen makes energy and so now you have all kinds of energy The problem of that is you're adding extra red cells which makes your blood Viscous which is thick so? That's hard on your heart to pump that thick of blood the other way that you can um Blood job is injecting epo Which is going to then tie your body to make red cells and the same thing
10:45
You have too many red cells in your blood your blood is too thick here's all kinds of things that can happen because of blood doping So don't do it
10:58
So switching over into the circulatory system What is your body do for you on the circulatory systems main function is to deliver nutrients? and export Waste it also delivers hormones, so it allows chemical signaling between body parts [it] provides Antibodies around your body and to take care of [infections] it provides heat Like your muscles make the heat in your blood transports it throughout your body
11:31
[provides] [oxygen] that's much needed for for making energy
11:36
Let's see what else does the blood do for you keeps you alive?
11:44
[alright], so we spent a lot of time talking about the anatomy of the heart, so we're going to start with
11:49
pieces and parts and what they do, and then on the next slide [I] have a picture so I can show you what I'm talking about, but let's start with the epicardium So fe is above or a pun So that's the outer layer of the heart it protects the heart Myo means muscle So that's where the actual contraction is taking place the muscle layer of the heart endo within so the inner lining of the heart is continuous with [the]
12:15
Chordae tendineae the blood vessels the [valves] so [it] kind of anchors everything inside [of] the heart Atria those are the upper Chambers of the heart they're receiving chambers [whether] it's from the lungs or the rest of the body it's going to receive blood The ventricles are the lower chambers, so they're pumping chambers so the right side is going to pump to the lungs and the left side is going to pump to the
12:41
Rest of the body by Cuspid by is to some way you got to remember that [too] is on the left side It's also called the mitral valve so between the atrium and the ventricle so it's called an atrial ventricular valve Because it's between the two So any valve is going to prevent blood from flowing backwards
13:05
Tricuspid is On the right side of the heart between the right atrium the right ventricle [so] again when the right ventricle is contracting It's keeping blood from going back up into the right atrium
13:22
So here's a [picture] of the heart on Here oh Sorry, [Too] - we're going to enlarge this little section over here, so you can see the endocardium real thin layer the Myocardium right here the muscle layer and then the epicardium is Going to be way out here so those are the three layers of the heart wall which is what you see right there, we talked about the valves we talked about the bicuspid valve over here the tricuspid valve over here and I think that's all we've talked about so far
14:01
on the next slide, we're going to start talking about the
14:04
arteries and veins
14:11
The largest of our vessels is the Aorta it leaves the left ventricle and delivers blood To the heart itself as well as all the rest of your body the pulmonary artery all arteries take blood away from the heart so the pulmonary artery is taking blood to the lungs it is the only artery that carries the Oxygenated blood all the rest of them carry Oxygenated blood we have the superior vena cava at the top of the heart the inferior vena Cava also going into the right [atrium]
14:42
But bringing blood from the lower part of the body instead of disappear brings it from the upper part of the body
14:49
[we] have three different types of vessels [that] we talked about arteries
14:55
Further Branch into arterioles which further branch into capillaries which come together into venules which come together into veins? So the largest of those are arteries, and you want to know the difference between arteries and veins so in this picture over here We can see that the artery has a thicker wall than the vein does and then because it has [a] thicker wall, it's going to have less space in its lumen than The Vein has a larger lumen because it has a thinner wall
15:24
[you] can also see that valves are in the
15:28
Veins where they are not in the arteries And then we can look at the capillaries and the capillaries are only one layer [stick] and that's the tunica Intima so the innermost layer the endothelium, [and] so that makes them a perfect place for
15:45
diffusion of gases
15:49
[okay], that first picture was the internal
15:53
Heart and this is the external heart I forgot to mention The atria the receiving Chambers and the ventricles on that first picture [in] this picture We'll want to look at the Aorta which [is] [the] largest artery the Pulmonary trunk the Pulmonary vein the Superior Vena Cava and the inferior Vena Cava
16:16
That's my cat [know] a home
16:23
we talked about three different types of circulations the first circulation that we talked about was the coronary circulation So leaving the left ventricle and then servicing the heart tissue itself Feeding that muscle. That would be the
16:44
The coronary circuit the pulmonary circuit is going to leave the right ventricle go to the lungs drop off Co2 Pick up oxygen and come back to the right venture. I'm sorry the left ventricle and then the third circulation is the Systemic circuit, so it's it's servicing all of your systems your body system
17:08
So that's going to again leave out the left ventricle [and] then go out to your hepatic system your renal system all of your different body systems And so it comes back and return to the Venna [Cavas] in the right atrium
17:24
We had some fun this year learning how to take our blood pressure with a sigma mana meter sigma Mañana meter and We had to learn what the systolic and the diastolic pressures were and what they meant what they represented, so Systole is when the ventricle is contracting So you see here look at the ventricles. They're like squished in so that's the systolic pressure
17:50
typically around 110 and then diastole look at the ventricles How much fuller they are so they're filling up with blood at this point could be around 70 and we see the general blood pressure is 120 over 80 meaning your Systolic pressure is 120 millimeters of Mercury and your diastolic pressure is 80 [of] course that's going to vary with your age your weight your mood
18:19
Your body's position your Exercise activity levels all of those things can cause that number to change
18:35
the doctors are going to use a stethoscope to listen to your heart and And is that's going to use it down here when Listening for that pulp in Your vessels when they're taking your blood pressure so a stethoscope disease for listening and a sphygmomanometer Is used for measuring pressures, so they use a signal [Monana] meter to [measure] your blood pressure
19:04
We did a little math people weren't too excited about the math We did cardiac output which is the amount of blood your body will deliver in a minute so in order to calculate that we need your stroke volume which is how much is delivered in a single beat and We need your heart rate Which is how many times your beat [partit]? How many [times] your heart beat in a minute? So if we multiply those two together?
19:28
we are going to increase or find our cardiac output, so anything that increases your heart rate like exercise or Your stroke volume is going to increase [your] cardiac output as well here You can see a number of things that can factor in your age your gender
19:46
Exercise different medications your stress levels [if] your if your vessels are constricting due to your sympathetic nervous system Or if they're dilating that's going to affect your on the amount of blood [that] can leave the heart with each beat So any of those things can affect your cardiac output
20:06
You want to be able to calculate cardiac output so remember heart rate times stroke volume?
20:14
So one of the things we talked about with hypertension hypertension high blood pressure high high tension pressure, so if your blood pressure is over 140 over 90 That would be considered Hypertensive and it and you're at risk for heart disease it's really hard on the heart muscles to work to push blood when it's that high of a pressure as Well as it causes damage to your blood vessels, so it's considered the silent killer
20:43
[what] kind of things caused it if you're as you can see down in this graphic here too much stress [overweight] different diseases that you might have an unhealthy diet was too much, so
20:58
Smoking which we know is a vasoconstrictor different
21:02
hereditary effects alcohol age all those things can play [into]
21:08
hypertension Some unrelated to hypertension is your average heart beat, so we just want to know some statistics you're the average heart rate is like 72 so it's somewhere between 60 and 80 and then your blood or your heart, typically pumps out about 80 milliliters of blood per [minute] you would want to know that because you can multiply your Heart rate change [the] stroke volume to get you've got it cardiac output
21:42
So that's all I have for you for today. So that's part one it covered the Blood just a little bit and the circulatory system a little bit more
21:52
So that's all I got for you for now. Let's talk about the immune system next good night
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