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0:04
Hello, and welcome back for another lecture on fluvial geomorphology. So this presentation in particular will teach us a little bit about really rivers; how they operate, how they exchange, looking at the progression, or the maturity of their development, and working through a little bit with flooding, discharge. And we'll wrap up things with some more cur I'm sorry current events, but events in our history, local history in Los Angeles, and why it is important
0:35
for us to actually study river systems and their environments. So let's begin with that. Now, it is important for us to understand rivers for a lot of reason. One is because we need water, right? Without water, we can't have agriculture, we can't have people, you can't have water parks. But the other piece is that water, although is incredibly important, can also be incredibly dangerous. So when dealing with floodwaters, flash floods, you know, extreme precipitation> We need to know
1:07
and understand how do we regulate that water, that surface flow, where it goes, how it can be stored? And also how can we remove it from the landscape, so it doesn't cause any form of threatening situation or environment. So let's start off with that. So what is fluvial geomorphology? So fluvial geomorphology is the science devoted to understanding rivers in their natural settings, as well as to know how they respond with human induced changes within a watershed or a
1:40
region. So I found this historic image of the Los Angeles River when it was natural free flowing river itself. So fluvial geomorphology is really dedicated to understanding how water in particular river ways can change the earth and then you all around it, we study it again. Geomorphology means Earth, change and to study. So we're learning how to study how the earth is changing through the process of rivers and water.
2:13
So, before we really dive into it, I wanted to present a slide with just some main key terms, some terms that we'll be able to work through. This is not all of them, but it's a good start. So the first one that I'll introduces the head, the head of a river is the actual source, like your thoughts. And then the mouth is where the river ends. So that would be your thought and where the thought is executed. You know, we find they had the headwaters themselves being high up in mountains,
2:41
usually. By a source of water, maybe a lake, maybe a storm system, things like that. The mouth is where the river ends, usually in a large body of water, that can be along a lake line, a shoreline. Or in some case, we have we considered disappearing streams where they either just completely evaporate because the river never makes it to its final destination or it can just end in some form of terminal location. Runoff, runoff is a phrase that we use for water that literally just
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runs off the surface. So we don't really have a way to, to store it or to use it it just literally is deters the water and runs it off. Think about runoff like when it rains, the water runs down the street, its running off your driveway into the street and then it goes into the storm channel or watershed and gets lost. A tributary is a name for a small channel of water that contributes, so when I think of tributary, I think of contributing. So a small creek or a small channel that will
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merge into your main river that is a tributary. Because it is contributing to the dominant channel. So here in Santa Clarita our main river is the Santa Clara river that runs pretty much more or less northeast to Southwest kind of running through the entire valley. And all the little creeks and streams and the storm drains all dump into the Santa Clara River. So they are all contributing, or they were all tributaries to that main channel. Alluvium, alluvium is
4:21
really the material that has been deposited by running water,
4:26
discharge. We measure discharge in river systems, the formula is Q is equal to A times V. Essentially, discharge is understanding the amount of water that is passing through a river channel. So, an example of discharge to you would be like your faucet in your bathtub. So you have an area the plumbing, and then you have a velocity or the speed in which the water can travel through that plumbing. Then we can then measure that and understand youknow, how long will it take to fill your
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bathtub? But in this case, we look at it rivers. The drainage basin, that is the entire region in which water will be transferred. And just as an example, looking at Los Angeles County, we have several basins in which the water will pull from and drain it towards the central part. And then it heads out through the main channel. So think about again, the Santa Clara river, if we were to map that out as a string, you know as a line showing where it ends over in the Ventura County area
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over in the ocean and then where it starts. Higher up beyond Acton, Palmdale, Lancaster, and we were to map that all out and draw every little tributary that adds to it, we would have a very pretty design, kind of like a, like a tree root and assist in a sense. Where you have the main channel and then all the little branching arms, the tributaries that bring in that would be part of a drainage basin. But we'll talk more about that in a different video. Then we have perennial, and we have
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intermittent and ephemeral streams. So those are names that we give to streams that run differently. So perennial is like annual, runs all year round. Intermittent means that water flows at least one month out of the year. And ephemeral means it's pretty much dry all the time, very rarely will fill with water. So those are some key terms to understand different, you know, values of rivers. And we'll be referencing some of that as we move forward. So,
6:23
moving forward within this, something that we haven't mentioned yet will be stream progression. There's lots of different studies on stream progression and how it's observed. Where I come, where my learnings have come from, we have been able to identify a river systems as a, as a sense of progression within that region. So it is very common for one particular river system to have all three different types of these progression. So, I'll start with a diagram here on the
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left. So here we have what we identify as young, then we have mature and then old. So much like with people, we really don't have a number that really associates with maturity, right? So because you probably have met a very, very mature 18 year old, and you probably have met a very immature 60 year old. So we don't really associate ages, we understand that time is involved. But these terms really are used to describe not just the progression, but really the relief in the topography and the
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features that are observed on those surfaces. So as an example, during a young stream system, this top image here we can see that the gradient is very, very steep. Therefore, as the water flushes down, it moves very quickly. It's a very narrow V shaped channel where incision occurs. Think about it, the deeper you know, you dig down at some point, the cliffs can no longer support their their weight and they collapse. So you know, not only does it continue to dig down deeper, but it can
8:03
slowly get wider, deeper and wider. At some point you lose a majority of that material it also loses a majority of that gradient or slope. So we develop a mature system. So now we can see the river is it is somewhat V shaped in this channel. But the reality is the river now starts to wiggle across a very poorly but present floodplain. Then at some point it gets super super flat because again, you keep digging down, it gets wider
8:32
down and wider. Now you have very, very, very rich and broad floodplain. You have very broad meandering, where the river goes from bank to bank on either side of that floodplain. We see these really rich curves with very gentle slope. And in this fact, we can see the river where the mouth is, it's dumping into a large body of water. You see these little islands that have deposited, this area would be identified as a Delta and because the water when it hits the Delta loses energy, right.
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The river was moving down the slope, then when it hits a large body of standing water, it loses its energy. So it actually drops all the material that would have been moved. It drops it here, and this is what we'd call a delta. And in fact, when the river splits up throughout that delta, we call those distributaries, because that main channel is now being distributed in those areas to smaller regions. So it's kind of interesting. So this diagram here, bottom right, again,
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young, mature and old, and old age in it's system. I like this because it provided a list of characteristics and also identifiable features that are observed. So again, looking at something that would be young, would be steep Vshape Valley, very narrow, shallow channels, high bed load, meaning that lots of material is moving because of active incision. We can see there's waterfalls, there's going to be rapids, gorgeous things like that. That moving into a middle core stream, again
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open gently sloping valley with floodplain wider, deeper channels. We start to see the beginnings of meanders, we start seeing river cliffs, which are pretty much river cliffs are like terraces that develop on the side. And then we get into an old age one very, very gently sloping Valley very wide and flat. Think of like Mississippi, the Mississippi River there, oxbow lakes, which we'll talk about a moment, flood plains, and then levees. Now, what's interesting about this
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development is that obviously, this is going to be young, mature, old, great. Now, at some point, the mature will become old, and the young will become mature and at some point, everything disappears, right. So think of it as a system like that. So you have young, mature and old age, you know, maybe a river that's on a large mountain and over millions and millions and millions of years. At some point, that river, that mountain rather, will disappear. Well that's because this system has
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moved on. That material erased it from the landscape. So that is a possibility. The other possibility during this process is that we have this phrase called rejuvenation and maybe you're familiar with it. It's kind of like Botox on the landscape, you know, people get plastic surgery and, and refreshes themselves while rejuvenation can occur, usually because of tectonics, a large earthquake, which means maybe your river, your region that you're studying is a middle
11:27
course or mature stream. Then you have a really large earthquake and causes uplift to occur. Well, you've now rejuvenated this and brought it back up into a young stream system. So we see this in places such as the Grand Canyon, the Grand Canyon is an excellent example of rejuvenation in which because of the Colorado Plateau, continuing to uplift and the river continues to cut down. It almost never shows any additional progression in its maturity because it continues to
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cut down in get wider down and wider. And that is why, if you've ever had the opportunity of going that the Grand Canyon in some places can be as wide as 18 miles across and nearly two miles in depth, because it continues to be rejuvenated. At some point it will not. And when that ceases to exist, that rejuvenation, then the river itself will begin to transition again through middle and lower course systems. So kind of fun facts. So I mentioned some of these features that are seen
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here. Well, what do they look like? Well, some of the features can look like this. So why do rivers curve? So I have these three little images we'll look through real quick. So the first one says erosion happens where the flow hits the side of the river flowing downstream. So in these, this particular image here, the waters flowing to the bottom of your screen. As we can see, this is your river and here's your landscape. So if I hit play, we'll talk through it. These little white dots
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represent the energy or there's water molecules. Notice how when a slight curve occurs, the energy hits in one setting is thrown to the opposite side that it bounces back and forth. So what could cause us to begin with any bit of disturbance. A rock, you know, a tree falling over some form of vegetation, maybe a little mudslide, something like that doesn't take a whole lot to redirect the whole piece. Now, what's interesting about this, and I'll talk about real quick is that
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this white arrow is really showing that energy stream you know where it's going. Think about when you're in your car, you're driving in a straight line and you make a sharp left hand turn, well, where does everything go on the back of your car, if you make that left hand turn, those things kind of, you know, they maintain in their motion, but they get kind of thrown to the right. Well, that's what happens here. As the river is turning towards this direction. So following, it will
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be turning to the left, look at how far the this white line, the arrow gets. thrown to the right hand side. So it gets thrown on opposite sides. Well, why is that important? Well, because over time, you'll create really big meanders like this. Now sometimes meandering rivers close on themselves, well, these meanders become so big that at some point they bump into one another. And then water will choose the path of least resistance, the shortest path and essentially redraw its
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boundary. So we'll watch it again, though, you know, these meanders continue to get bigger and bigger and bigger. And then at some point, if they bump into one another, you have an abandoned channel. That's what we call an Oxbow or oxbow lake. So I'll stop that. So this is a neat little cartoon. This is an animation showing several decades of a particular river system and watching it change. And why is this not playing?
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Okay, well, anyway, I'm gonna move on. So what ends up happening is this is the current river system. It's flowing at some point, as you can see these little shadowy lines here, this river continues to get broader and wider and wider. Something else I can point out in this image is that understanding the rivers flowing to the bottom, lower right of your screen. This area here is an area of erosion, because that waters, you know, making a sharp left hand turn and that energy is getting
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thrown to the right, it's going to continue to erode. This material is taken from here, transported and deposited down here. That's why we have this area of erosion and deposition always across from one another. But we're going to talk more about that in this diagram. So landscape development. So same thing. If I hit little play button, you can see the waters going from the top right to the bottom left. You notice that this black line represents the flow and direction of water. So
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watch my little cursor here. So if my cursor were to represent the fastest part of that stream, the rivers making a sharp left. So I'm going to get thrown all around the outside. I'm going to erode this material, take it down here and deposit here. This is the area of low velocity, area of high velocity. So if you're a fish and you wanted to, you know, flush through this river system, you would stay where the black arrows are flowing, that's moving the fastest. If you want to just
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kind of sit around and relax, you would stay in these point bar areas. Now you see these dotted lines. These dotted lines show areas of deposition. So as this river continues to widen its meander, the material cut from the cut bank is brought down, brought down to there. Let's see here. These are some very deep pools that occur on the outset of turns again, area of erosion. So it's deeper here, area of deposition, area of erosion and deposition. Here we can see that here we have an
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oxbow lake developing. Because at some point this was so large that it ended up bumping into one another like we saw in the previous video. Here we have some of the calling of the bluff lines, this would this area in between here will represent your floodplain. So, it's labeled right there. Well, let's look more at understanding how we measure the amount of water that's being transferred. So the first thing we can look at as we'll look at the material that's being moved, so we have
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what we study as sediment transport. So there's three ways in which material can be moved in a river. We study its bed load, its dissolved load, and its suspended load. So the reason that those three types of material exists is because they're different grain sizes. So think of these three options as being you guys have all had the little packets, where you rip the packet off and you put the powder in your bottle water and you shake it up with it. It'll be a protein drink or an
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energy drink or something like that. So you notice that then three things occur, you either have really big class that sink to the bottom, that would be your bed load. Some of that stuff will be completely dissolved or mixed within the water. So you couldn't like try to pick it out because it's been completely dissolved. And then sometimes you might have floaties, the floaty stuff that sinks on the top flows to the top of the water bottle. That would be your suspended load. So
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think about it like that. So in this diagram here, they're showing that your bed load will be sand and gravel size, your suspended load will be the silt in clays, and then everything else has been completely dissolved becomes part of the dissolved load. So this is a photo that I took on my cell phone, this is right outside of Zion National Park. So we're looking at the river flowing in this particular case, you know, following the direction in which the waters flowing which is away
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from us, we can see that this watch is not perfectly clear, Meaning that there must be some dissolved load within the water. We can also see it's a little murky in the tops, there must be some suspended load. And then you can see this big rocks that are within the river itself. Well, that'd be part of your bed load, it doesn't move as much. What's interesting though, is that the rocks when they do slowly move over time, we find that they'll become very rounded. So what's interesting
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about that idea is that when we start learning about other environments, we find that how the rocks are eroded or the material is eroded can be very different per environment. So we find that usually in river systems, things are rounded or they're rollers were like a rolling pin because they roll down a river. We find that in a you know, a beach environment, a coastal environment, because the waves splashing up and down on the beach face will make the rocks rounded but more disc
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shaped. So something to kind of think about in the back of your mind. So this is how we look at material that's being moved. But what about the water? Well, that's a little more complicated. So what we do is what we call stream discharge.
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So we want to understand how much water is being moved in a river. Well, why is that important? Well, it's important because the more we understand, the more we can then store water for our consumption. Or the more we can allow water to transfer to go to a different location. It can go to turn into runoff and be in a safe environment. Here's a photo I took of lakes of Briana in Bishop California, this is drainage that is being regulated and measured out of a large reservoir. So the way that
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this is done is we need to first understand the cross sectional area. So unfortunately, rivers are not all the same. They're not all squares. So we can't just do a normal, you know, understand its area of width times depth, because it's assuming it's a square. So what we would do is we would actually subdivide this river system into smaller pieces. And calculate the area and shape of each one of these subsections. And then add it together to understand a cumulative understanding of the
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full area. So the first thing is, we need to know the area. The area is width times depth. So we'll take the width times depth of here. and here of here, of here, of here and we would add it all up to understand a full geometric design of what that river looks like. Well, why are the bottoms or rivers never the same? Great question. Because water moves and moves material, it depends on where you are in the stream can actually deepen the river itself. So again, remember if
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the rivers flowing towards you, I'm the source, you're the mouth. And if it's going in a straight line, we find that the rivers usually create that nice like a V shape, because the energy is focused in the middle. But I mentioned, what if the river makes a sharp left hand turn? Well, that energy gets thrown to the right, so the right hand side will actually become deeper and make a pool. So in this case, we can see it's deeper on this side. So this river must be slowly making a
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term. Well, the next part is discharge, we look at the area multiplied by its velocity. There's lots of different ways to measure velocity. There's really fancy tools to do it. And then there's some not so fancy, and we'll talk about those in a moment. But the idea of discharge is, how do we understand how much water is being passed through a river at a particular time on both the spectrum of max and minimum load, right? So maybe you have a little creek or stream behind
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your house. It does not have water in it very often, but when it does, it gets filled. But we already have measured and understood the maximum capacity. Why is it important? Well, living in Santa Clarita, we have several lakes that are around us that have dams. We want to know the maximum capacity so we know how fast the dams and lakes will fill. That way we can then relate additional water to compensate gains versus losses, but also to prevent them from overflowing and breaking. So you
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see there's a little float here. It's a fancy word for an orange. We'll talk about that on the next slide. So we look at stream velocity. What we do is, the first thing I want to mention is the Thalweg. The thalweg is the line to the lowest elevation. So this little crosshair represents the Thalweg, we often find that the thalweg is also in line with the fastest part of the string. So this little diagram here is representing velocities in
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meters per second. So we can see that this is moving at point 05, meters, point 1, point 2. And the fastest part of the stream is this little pocket, this little carpool lane as it were in the middle here. Well, why does this occur? Why is it we get closer towards the bottom on these rims that they become slower? Well, friction. This is the earth and this water is becoming caught up with the perimeter of that river. It is moving that material, its plucking and pulling it, but it
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creates friction and slows it down. So how do we measure this? Well, that we can use a traditional velocity meter, which is about 1200 dollars or we use orange peels. We literally just take the orange pill, what we'll do is we'll have bunches of them and we'll measure a certain length in the river and a width, and we'll drop them along the width and measure how long it takes to go that distance of length. And we'll do this multiple times to get an average because if we
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dropped the orange peel over here, not realizing that this is the fastest velocity, we're not getting a good understanding of the general speed in which the river is flowing. So we'll drop orange pieces all along the river and do so. So here's a photo of some people. This is Jason, there's Chris and they're using this large. It's a survey rod but it has a measurement on it. They're measuring the depth of this small creek and then later We used this was that Cal State Northridge so they can
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afford to have a velocity meter, we use a little velocity meter. It's a stick with a propeller on the end and the propeller spins. And we just, along the river width there to get its distances. So again, because of understanding its velocity and its area, we can under oops sorry, we can calculate its discharge. So the formula for discharge is where discharge is equal to Q. Remember this up here, and Q or discharge is equal to the overall area times its velocity. Okay, moving
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forward, hydrographs and discharge. Why is this important? Well, now we can put that discharge onto a hydrograph. That's what this is representing. So what this shows us is
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they're showing in particular a two day storm, very large storm, and this is really that bucket of water and how it transfers. We find that this can change in different environments. So I, the way that I envisioned this is imagine that your storm as a five gallon bucket of water, then you just dump it like that, right there across the ground. And if you could play it in slow motion, you would see there's a little at the beginning, then
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there's a big curve, and then it bellows back out, right? Because that big curve is the bulk of that water coming towards, you know, the direction in which you threw it. Well, that's what I see here. Now, that can be different on two different types of surfaces. If you're doing it on dirt, and it's nice and calm, whatever. No plants, no big rocks restricting things. It's just nice dirt, the dirt will absorb it right and so that, you know the large curve starts to become absorbed, and it actually
26:45
gets spread further out. So it kind of does like a this type of thing. In this case, they're giving you an example of how discharge would look in a large rainstorm and perhaps an area that has lots of concrete. Maybe In a city or a street, and you watch it all sudden, because there's no friction, because the water can move quickly, nothing is being absorbed, it peaks really high like a flash flood, and then comes back out. So that being said, the lag time here is the time in which the peak
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rainfall occurred to where the peak discharge is observed. Again, throwing that bucket and seeing that big curve in the water, that peak to peak is what that means. So, why is this important? Well, because we can replicate this diagram in a system like this. Now, you're probably thinking that's like a weird teardrop, but this replicates a drainage basins. So let's just assume that the central line here represents the Santa Clara river, and each one of these little tributaries is
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exactly what they are. So what they're saying is well, if you are right here, and you are only measuring the water from here to here, that is what your drainage would look like. The Q is discharged. The T is the time. Well, now we'll do one down here, we'll notice that it looks a little bit different. Well why is that? Well, you have increased your discharge because now you have 1, 2, 3 tributaries bringing water into this point. So that's something to keep in mind. Then you go down here,
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look at how much it's increased here and the time. Well, why is this much bigger? Because now you have 1,2,3,4,5 tributaries bringing in water. So think about like this. If you wanted to play in a, in the most little amount of water you would play up in here, if you want to play in a deeper pool system you play down here. So they're showing what these all look like. So over time, this is kind of that idea. I usually explain this in class as a road. So if you lived here, you only have one car for
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traffic. If you lived here, you would have three cars going up and down your street. If you lived here, you'd have five cars going up and down your street. So you have a lot more passing this point, and you do places further up towards the source. That's one way to look at it. Now this drainage basin is called a dendritic drainage basin because it looks like a dendrite or a root system. There are lots of different types of drainage basins. So as we can see, this is your classic
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dendritic, we can have a rectangular based on jointing. We have a trellis system where it's more perpendicular to itself. Here's a radial, meaning that you have it radiates away from the center of a piece. So like a volcano, and this represent a parallel drainage basin. So what's interesting about the drainage basins is that water goes downhill, right? But what the design will reflect the overlying topography. So looking at places like a volcano versus places that show more of
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the faulting jointed zone. Looking at perhaps like the foothills or sides have large mountains, you'll be able to see differences but this dendritic is the most common out of all drainage basin styles. Alright, so we've covered a lot, I just want to kind of end on the note of putting this into perspective. I've got just a couple more slides. So something that's interesting to talk about is the Los Angeles River. So you know it as the big concrete channel, but it didn't
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always look like that. In fact, going back to our first slide, I introduced this as being the Los Angeles River. So look at this very rich, right period or river vegetation, there's dirt. You know, what ends up happening in this situation is that when you have a normal river and you have there's people out there. You have all this vegetation and all these rocks and all this debris that creates friction and moving the velocity or the, the strength and speed of a river.
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Well, in 1938, Los Angeles had an incredible rain. Two very large storms occurred in fact, the largest of them because of orographic lifting , mean the clouds were forced up in altitude along the San Gabriel Mountains. Which means that therefore by lifting it up, it gets colder condensing and then it just really just rang out all the moisture in those clouds. It rained a tremendous amount in 1938 in doing so, as a result of the overlying topography, which was pretty much due to clay
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soils and very dry to begin with water was unabsorbed. So you had what we considered aggressive runoff or flash flooding. So some areas received 32 inches of rain in about 15 hours. Damage was seen all in all of LA County, also Orange County and Riverside. In fact, some places in Orange County and Riverside in 1938 had over six feet of standing water because it didn't, it wasn't able to drain anywhere. 7000, over 7000 structures and over
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$40 million of damage was done then in by today's value by $627 million. So here we have, this is the Southern Pacific Railroad that bridge got knocked out. The five freeway is down here right now in today's standard. This is a great photo if you've ever been over in Malibu, this gas station is still there. This is PCH, all of these homes and debris were all taken down the 110, it always started in Pasadena. So the water drain from Pasadena all the way to Malibu. Taking homes and
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everything with it. This was a three storey building. As you can see, it's now one and a half, it collapsed on itself. This was incredibly devastating. Here's some additional photos of people at that time. Here we can see that the bridge, actually that bridge is still there and downtown. Seeing all of this damage was, and knowing that over 110 people passed, they decided that the best thing to do is to then put a concrete channel in the LA River. Because what ends up happening is it was
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so much rain that the water wasn't in it was not able to move fast enough. So it overflowed and had done it a couple other times. But this was the worst. It's one of the worst rains that we've had. So what they did is they put a concrete So it was really quite tragic, here's some great documentaries channel in Why? Well, by putting a concrete channel in, you regulate velocity, because there's no restriction or there's no pushback on the material and the water, that ha
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motion. And it was to prevent any additional floods of this kind. So again, the LA River received a lot of precipitation in the 70s, another one in the 90s, and also one of the early 2000s. Now, just a couple of years ago, they voted to remove the concrete channel because by having a concrete channel, they're not allowing for water to be absorbed into the earth. And that actually really restricts the water table in the areas in which water can be stored under the surface. So
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they decided to remove it but most of those people at th se committees did not bring up he fact that the reason why it as even there was because of th s. To kind of put it in perspect ve of video, I found this real y neat video showing the afterma h, the day after. These are p ople's eight millimeter h ndheld cameras that they fil ed. So they're showing ll the different houses, these re all areas in LA. Some o these photos were taken from outhern Tohunga, some were
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aken in Malibu and downtown L . That's the one in Malibu rig
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t there. So looking at all of t is water that had to be d
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n it. I highly suggest it, if his is something that interests ou to see. But it's important ecause of this, we then learned hrough the help with the Army orps of Engineers how to design he geometry of a concrete hannel to prevent this type of looding situation to occur. hey identify that this has been 50 year flood, which means if his happened in 38, 30, 40, 50, 0, 70. So what happened? here's what happened the late 0s would have been 80, 90 2000, 10 20. So we're actually
35:11
ooking at another large rain ystem of this magnitude within he next 10 years. All right, we overed a lot. To kind of recap, e introduced again, the eometry, the discharge, a ouple of the landscape and andforms. We also introduced hy rivers curve, there's lots f additional resources on ampus, make sure you utilize hat. But I hope that this was t least somewhat helpful in u derstanding really, why it is i portant that we study river s stems as a whole. Not just for o
35:46
r use, but for our safety. T at being said, Thank you very m ch, and we'll talk soon
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