Skip to main content
Loading Explore guides…
Intro to Pathophysiology · Acedra
Home
Explore
Medicine
Intro to Pathophysiology
Sign in to save
Chat
If YouTube asks you to sign in, open the video on YouTube.
Watch on YouTube
Reload player
Transcript
19 segments
Copy
Hide video
0:00
chapter one introduction to pathophysiology in this chapter we will talk about pathophysiology what it is define it will discuss health and disease and then conclude with disease distribution so what is pathophysiology well normal physiology is a course that you had to take it was a prerequisite for this class and in passing in a physiology you learned about the functions of the human body in a normal state pathophysiology is going to be similar except instead of learning about
0:36
how the body functions when everything is normal we are going to learn how it functions when it is diseased now some concepts that are interrelated with pathophysiology includes etiology pathogenesis clinical manifestations and treatment implications so what is ideology ideology is the study of the cause or reason for a particular disease or injury so basically what caused it now some classifications include a disease is etiology being idiopathic that just means we don't know we still
1:10
don't know more research needs to be done and then we have iatrogenic iatrogenic is also known as physician caused so the cause is going to be related to the unintended or unwanted consequences due to your doctor giving you some sort of treatment so kind of like a side effects now another concept I want to briefly mention are risk factors so risk factors are basically factors that increase the likelihood of a disease it doesn't mean you are going to get this as they get
1:41
the disease for sure it just means the greater the number of risk factors you have the greater the likelihood the disease is going to manifest then we have pathogenesis so pathogenesis is the development of the disease the evolution of the disease so from the initial stimulus to the ultimate expression of the manifestations of the disease what were the steps that led to it developing and occurring then we have clinical manifestations so manifestations includes science and
2:13
does so signs are the objective objective or observed manifestations of the disease whereas symptoms are subjective feelings of abnormality so if you feel like you have a headache and you feel lethargic those would all be symptoms if you have a bruise that would be a sign we also have different stages and clinical courses so the latent period is the time from initial exposure to exposure to the injurious agent to when you first start to see signs and symptoms so that period in which you
2:51
don't really see anything going on yet but the injury is actually starting to occur inside your body then we have the prodromal period this is when you're going to first start to see the signs and symptoms so think about when you feel sick so as soon as you start to feel sick like you start to feel like you have a headache you feel lethargic you're already in the prodromal stage the latent period is actually already past then you have the acute phase this is when the disease is going to reach
3:19
its full intensity so this is when you're kind of stuck in bed you're really tired and you feel at your worst now we can also look at other kind of categories we have acute clinical course so that just means that it's the the disease course is going to be acute or short-lived so it doesn't last very long and you may have very severe manifestations but it's at a shorter it's gonna have a shorter lifespan chronic clinical course can be chronic it's gonna last much longer so it can
3:52
last months or even years and sometimes it'll actually follow an acute course when we say a disease has exacerbated it means it's gotten worse in severity versus remission is when the severity has decreased and it may indicate that you're starting to get better and the disease is getting cured and convalescence is the stage of recovery after a disease or illness or surgical procedure so quick question which of the following is an example of the clinical manifestation known as a sign so nausea
4:25
bruised big loss of appetite which would be the best example of a sign and remember a sign is objective not subjective so the best answer would be a bruise so let's move on to treatment implications so understanding the ideology the cause the pathogenesis the course of development and clinical consequences of a particular disease may determine which treatment could be most helpful so it's important to understand how the disease what caused the disease and how it
5:00
developed to try to figure out the best course of treatment so you don't want to just deal with the signs and symptoms all the time you want to look at what is the underlying cause and so when you get rid of that cause then a lot of the times the signs and symptoms will go away so you're not just putting a bandaid on all right so concepts of normality and health and disease there are individual factors that will determine concepts of health and disease so those individual factors include
5:29
things like cultural considerations so each culture defines health and illness in a manner that reflects their experience there's also age-related differences so for example a normal value at one age may not be normal at another age so normal values in an infant versus someone in the prime of their age versus the elderly population normal values will change and you have to be aware of that there are also gender differences so normal values in men may be different
5:59
than in women and other factors include situational differences this is looking at are you are we adapting to some abnormal situation and that's why we have these signs and symptoms or that's why certain things are manifesting so take a look at the overall story and not just looking at values and then time variation so this may impact how the body responds from day to night so we know about circadian rhythm and how our body has an internal clock so these are things that we have to be aware of as
6:34
well so factors affecting patterns of disease distribution so let's take a look at concepts of epidemiology so epidemiology is the study of the patterns of disease involving a population examining the occurrence of the disease incidence prevalence how its transmitted and how its distributed the best example I think of epidemiology is to look at what happened with the Zika virus not too long ago so we had to have epidemiologists come in study how the disease initially started and how it was
7:13
spreading from person to person to be able to send combat and make sure that it doesn't continue to spread and what the best course of treatment would be so we can talk about types of disease we have endemic epidemic and pandemic so when a disease that is at its endemic stage that means it's native to a local region once it spread to many people once it's starting to spread to many people at the same time then we have an epidemic and then if it starts to spread
7:42
to large geographic areas that's when we get into a pandemic and there are also factors that affect patterns of disease so again age can play a role ethnic group gender socioeconomic factors lifestyle geographic location these are all factors that can influence how a disease spreads and now how do we prevent disease from being from spreading and becoming a pandemic well there are different levels of prevention we have primary secondary and tertiary so the primary level of prevention is
8:16
where you're going to try to alter your susceptibility of getting that disease reduce your exposure for susceptible people so getting an immunization getting your flu shot is going to decrease your susceptibility of getting the flu that season it doesn't mean you're not going to get it at all but your risk is going to be much lower then we have the secondary level of prevention in secondary level of prevention this actually includes early detection so screening would be a great
8:52
example because the one you scream for something you're trying to detect it at its earliest stage so that you can address it I'm also management of the disease is under secondary and then tertiary is where you are doing rehabilitation supportive care reducing the disability associated with the disease trying to restore function so mr. B K is a 53 year old man being seen in the primary care clinic he tells you he went to a health fair and he was told he had elevated blood glucose or
9:24
blood sugar um at his last visit it was also elevated and he find out his brother and mother have type 2 diabetes when looking at the level of prevention which level would the health fair fall under so here he is getting let's see he's getting screening so the best answer would be secondary which of the following is an example of primary prevention then so your options include maintaining routine immunizations screening for cancer rehabilitating after a stroke and performing monthly
10:00
breast exams and the best answer here would be immunisations because here you are altering your susceptibility okay so that is chapter 1 thank you
Here to help you learn
Sign in to keep a private conversation with your course tutor.
Ask me anything about the material…
Sign in to chat