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0:01
hello everyone today we are going to cover uh prefixes once again we're using uh Davey Ellen chapner's medical terminology uh the short course we're using the eighth edition for uh this lecture
0:18
so our learning objectives are to identify and to Define common prefixes that are used in medical terms we're going to learn to analyze spell and pronounce medical terms that contain prefixes now once again prefixes are what become or what come before the word root as opposed to the suffixes which come at the end of the word root
0:43
so let's talk about some common uh prefixes we've got a or and which means no not or without
0:53
we've got AB which means away from and add which means toward or near and I think of like Abduction uh if I abduct I I take away as opposed to add like if I add something I bring it together like if I take two numbers I add them together
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so we've got AB which means away from an ad which means toward or near
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so think of abduction if I take my arm and I move my arm outward I'm abducting it and if I have adduction I'm bringing my arm back down toward my body
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Anna Anna means up or apart and anti-means before or forward
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and T or anti means against uh like a antibiotic for example antibiotics are against bacteria we use antibiotics to kill bacteria by means two or both Brady means slow like think of bradycardia a slow heartbeat Khan means with or together
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means completer through this means bad painful difficult abnormal like dyspnea if I'm having dyspnea I'm having difficulty breathing
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EK means out or outside Endo means within in inner
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Epi means above or upon X means out and extra means outside of
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half mean or half the prefix is Hemi hyper means excessive too much above as opposed to hypo which means deficient to little or below so like we can think of a hyperglycemia too much sugar in your blood as opposed to hypoglycemia not enough sugar in the blood
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in means in or into between intra Within Mal means bad and meta means change or Beyond
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Neo Neo means new uh like a neonate a newborn uh para or para means beside near alongside of
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Perry means surrounding like the pericardial Sac the sac that surrounds the heart
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and poly means many or much
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post post means after or behind pre means before
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Pro also means before but also forward and Pros means before and forward as well
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quadri quadri means four three means back or behind retro means back or behind
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sub means under or less than and sin means with or together I think of like a symphony a group of uh instruments all playing together
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tacky means fast like tachycardia uh as opposed to bradycardia bradycardia was a slow heartbeat tachycardia is a rapid heartbeat remember tachycardia is greater than 100 beats per minute uh trans across or through try is three Ultra Beyond and uni it's one
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so if we think of our numbers we got uni 1 uh bi was two try is three and quadrant is four
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the book also talks about some additional medical terms so we've got the adrenal glands the adrenal glands are endocrine glands and they're located right up on top of the kidneys so located above each kidney I mentioned antibiotic I remember anti-memes are against right so antibiotics destroy or inhibit the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria
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the term antigen antigen is a foreign substance such as a bacteria or a virus for example the antigens are the bad guys in our bodies we we get antigens into us and then we create what are called antibodies which are the good guys
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here's the term again bradycardia remember bradycardia means a slow heartbeat
6:28
A congenital anomaly so congenital means that you're born with it so it's an irregularity this is where we get the term anomaly in a structure or organ that an infant is born with so if you have a congenital anomaly it's some type of a defect an irregularity that you are born with
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dialysis is the removing of harmful waste products from the body with an artificial machine kidney machine this is called a dialysis machine it's when your kidneys aren't working anymore we need to rid our body of the toxins and we're put on dialysis
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and ectopic pregnancy an abnormal pregnancy when the embryo implants outside of the uterus usually in the Fallopian tubes but sometimes on an ovary or in an abdominal in the abdominal cavity so an ectopic pregnancy is in an emergency condition uh obviously if there's a fertilization occurring the egg becomes fertilized within the fallopian tube it should then move and implant itself the fertilized egg into the uterus the uterine wall if it remains in the fallopian tube however and
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then it would start to grow it would rupture that fallopian tube so it's an emergency condition that needs to be rectified your parathyroid glands four endocrine glands located on the dorsal side of the thyroid gland that functions separately from the thyroid gland
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prolapse to fall or slide forward usually describing an organ so you can have um as things that fall at a place like a prolapsed uterus that it mentions here a prolapse rectum for example it slides or moves out of its normal position
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we got retroperitoneal so remember we learned retro was behind her back right so pertaining to behind the peritoneum remember the peritoneum is that uh tissue covering for the organs within the abdomen uh most of the organs within the abdominal cavity are uh within the peritoneum however your kidneys and the adrenal glands are behind us so we said that these are retroperitoneal structures
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when I think of a syndrome I think of a group of symptoms okay so A syndrome a group of signs or symptoms that commonly occur together and indicate a particular disease or an abnormal uh condition okay we'll talk about syndromes um when we talk about radiobiology for example the different syndromes that can occur when high amounts of radiation are imparted to the body subcutaneous remember sub means under right so it's the lower layer of the skin composed of fatty tissue
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tachycardia as I mentioned condition of fast or rapid heartbeat
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transurethra remember trans means across uh your urethra is the two between your bladder to the exterior and that's we want to keep these terms in mind we've got urethra which is the term from uh for the tube that goes from the bladder to the exterior versus the ureters which are tubes that are going from your kidneys to your bladder
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ultrasonography a diagnostic technique that uses ultrasound waves to produce a diagnostic image or a photograph of an organ or tissue
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that brings us to some medical scramble words so let's think about this and here are the clues to try and help you out in deciphering what these could be so if something's harmless or not cancerous so if I think about the term for cancerous I know cancerous means the terms malignant the opposite of malignant can you guess benign okay b-e-n-i-g-n benign
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painful urination okay so to the term for urination urea do you remember painful
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disc so we've got this urea dysuria d-y-s-u-r-i-a
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pertaining to a newborn so pertaining to we're going to think of that suffix a l right so uh new Neo so neonatal neonatal
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thirds of sudden infant death syndrome okay basically what happens with this is that the the baby simply stops breathing um this term would be then apnea okay and it doesn't have to just apply to uh to this condition or syndrome remember it's a collection of things that leads to this um but you know people have sleep apnea and then they have to wear for example uh CPAP machines
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or masks uh number five when an organ shrinks in size when an organ shrinks in size we use the term atrophy okay atrophy a t r o p h y atrophy
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let's look at this bonus term here a foreign protein that causes an immune response the hint this protein is often part of bacteria viruses and it evokes that production of antibodies so if you remember I said the antibodies were the good guys and the bad guys are the antigen a n t i uh g-e-n antigen
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right so at this point I want to take a little bit of time to look in your textbook once again we're using uh David Allen chapner's medical terminology short course the eighth edition
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if we look on page 130 so there are the uh Common forms uh that we've talked about just now these prefixes on the next page are the common combining suffixes there okay and these we've already talked about so just to look those over I'd like to look at the bottom of page 132. here we've got the term anemia and I just want to note that there are different types of anemia uh listed there so you've got something called aplastic anemia the bone marrow is failing to
13:34
produce red cells uh white cells and clotting cells hemolytic anemia so lysis means to break down so blood cell red blood cells are destroyed bone marrow cannot compensate for the loss
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you can get iron deficiency anemia which is just that you've got low iron levels that lead to low hemoglobin concentrations pernicious anemia mucous membrane of the stomach fails to produce a substance called the intrinsic factor that's necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 and the proper formation of rbcs and then our last one that's here is sickle cell anemia and we get this term because normally the red blood cell is circular in its biconcave with
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sickle cell anemia of the cells are distorted in shape and they look like a sickle basically so
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erythrocytes assume an abnormal Crescent or sickle shape it's due to the inherence of an abnormal type of hemoglobin uh sickle cell can cause all kinds of problems because what happens is the the cells tend to then Clump together and they can cause clots which then block blood vessels
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at the top of 133 we've got the adrenal glands pictured so once again we've got the kidneys you've got as I mentioned the two tubes that go from the kidneys down to the bladder which are your ureters and then you've got the bladder uh what's not pictured there then would be the tube that's leading to the exterior which remember from the bladder to the exterior is the urethra but sitting right up on top of the kidneys then are the adrenal glands
15:19
at the bottom of page 133 it talks about a urinalysis and probably all of us have had a urinalysis at some point in time we give a urine sample and then they take a look at the urine um what are they looking for well these are some things they're looking for the color okay and you can see uh normal urine has a light yellow color certainly if it's red that's we call this hematuria which is blood that would be in the urine they look for clarity it should have nice
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clear urine if it's cloudy cloudy urine generally uh indicates that there is an infectious process going on excuse me the pH should be slightly acidic so normal urine is slightly acidic abnormal then would be the opposite which would be alkaline which once again would indicate there's probably an infection going on uh protein there should be very slight amounts of protein in your urine you don't want protein in your urine if you do you have something called proteinuria
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which can indicate then you've got some renal disease going on remember renal means the kidney
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and sugar we don't want any sugar in your urine okay if you've got sugar in your urine you have what's called glycosuria which could indicate uh that you've got diabetes
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on page 134 there's pictured uh webbed toes and I want you just to know that the term for the webbing of toes is called syndactory at the top of 135 it's showing you a picture of an ectopic pregnancy so once again when fertilization takes place it generally takes place in the fallopian tube so you've got the egg moving from the ovary uh the sperm then are going to swim up into the fallopian tube fertilization is going to take place and then that fertilized egg then should
17:18
move to the lining the inner lining of the uterus to implant itself if the fertilized egg remains in the fallopian tube here we've got then the ectopic pregnancy just go look at this drawing again so you can see that that white structure that's drawn there that's the ovary and then you've got the fallopian tube and then you've got these finger-like projections which are called fimbri which actually then uh kind of catch the egg as it's released and move it into the fallopian tube
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at the bottom of 135 these are some common um terms that students sometimes mix up okay we've got plasia plagia and plesia okay so they almost kind of sound the same so it says don't confuse these very different suffixes we've got plasia which means formation
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phagia which means swallowing and then we've got phasia which means speech so I always remember the one with the S the phasia phasia uh is uh Speech versus fijia which is to swallow
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I'm 1 36 that talks about some types of endoscopy procedures endoscopy is going to be involving taking a scope to move into the body you can do arthroscopy which is going to look at the joints uh bronchoscopy which is going to look at the bronchi a colonoscopy a tube is inserted they're going to look at the colon cystoscopy is going to take a look at the bladder
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esophageal gastroscopy esophagus and stomach hysteroscopy they're going to look at the uterus laparoscopy visualization of the abdomen video stenoscopy visualization of the mediastinum which remember is that area in the middle of the chest and sigmatoscopy visualization or examination of the sigmoid colon table 4 3 talks about major endocrine gland selected hormones we've got the adrenal glands giving off what's called adrenaline or epinephrine we've got our ovaries which give
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off estrogen and progesterone the pancreas gives off what's called insulin of course insulin is used to break down sugar the parathyroid glands that give up parathyroid hormone
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your pituitary gland a really important gland little gland but very important gives off a lot of very important hormones ACTH h g h t s h you'll learn more about that in your anatomy and physiology of course when they talk about all of the different hormones the testes give off testosterone and their thyroid gland gives off thyroxine which is T4
20:26
and top of 137 figure 4 4 talks about an epidural and a subdural hematoma so if I take the term apart remember Oma means a uh a mass a tumor in this case a hematoma would be a blood tumor that literally translates to remember we talked about the layers of the meninges right so the right on the most exterior right under the skull you've got your dura mater so if I've got a subdural hematoma I've got a blood collection right underneath that
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um an epidural would be a on top of it so you can get subdural hematomas and then epidural hematoma
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down at the bottom on 137 I want you to take a look at the term hemiplegia Hemi means one side of the body is paralyzed okay usually caused by a cerebrovascular accident remember CVA is a stroke or brain lesion sometimes tumors can cause causes as well on 138 figure 4 5 you can see the thyroid gland thyroid glands right up in the neck area right behind your thyroid cartilage which is your
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Adam's apple okay uh 139 up at the top I want you to look at figure four six okay and it gives you a description here by means of drawings of different types of cells so we we have pictured here normal cells okay uh then we've got something called hyperplasia hyperplasia means that there's an overgrowth of cells hypertrophy simply means the cells are bigger than normal as opposed to then atrophy which the cells then become smaller so we've got normal hyperplasia hypertrophy
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this is uh don't increase a number they're just bigger and then atrophy they're smaller
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take a look at 140. uh figure 4A talks about metastasis okay so it's not the difference between a primary breast cancer and breast cancer that has metastasized to the lung
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so in the case of metastasis one is metastasis that means it's a spreading of the cancerous cells you generally have a primary tumor uh cells break off and then they move through uh the lymphatics they seed other organs and then the cancer begins to grow there we call this metastatic cancer
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down at the bottom malignant versus benign so uh this is the root IGN comes from the Latin IG and is meaning fire so malignant tumor is a cancerous growth that spreads like a wildfire from its original position to other organs whereas a benign tumor benign Bend means good is a non-cancerous growth that does not spread uh here on 141 we've got an x-ray of the hand it's showing you the metacarpals meta meaning in the in the middle so you got your carpals
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and then you got your phalanges with your fingers and then in the middle kind of are the metacarcos
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the bottom of 141 it lists different types of intensive care units so you've got the micu or the NICU which is the medical Intensive Care Unit
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um the N uh s-i-c-u which is the medical Surgical Intensive Care Unit
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the pacu pacu is the post anesthesia Care Unit picu is the Pediatric or psychiatric intensive care unit and the situ is the Surgical Intensive Care Unit so you'll see these when you're rotating through your clinical rotations these different types of intensive care units and his 142 figure 410 is showing you uh neonates there the term neonates usually they're in incubators for warmth
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143 is showing you the position of the parathyroid glands the parathyroid glands
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down at the bottom and 143 polyurea and diuretics it says polyurea is the excretion of a normally large quantity of urine diuretics are drugs that promote polyuria like Lasix is a drug that's going to cause you to urinate more
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and these they use these a lot in the treatment of hypertension to lower the blood pressure
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let's take a look at 144 showing you a prolapse so here we've got a cross section through the female here notice in cross section going from anterior to posterior we've got the urinary bladder then we've got the uterus then we've got the rectum it's showing you an a the normal presentation of the way that the uterus should be the kind of almost flips over the bladder and if you've got uterine prolapse notice how it's moved out of its place
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I'm 145 showing you joint Replacements there it's showing you that you can have the hip replaced you can have the knee replaced and then it's showing you then the hardware that can be used
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I want you to notice the term uh I'm 145 exacerbation exacerbation exacerbation is an increase in the severity of a disease or any of its symptoms so if we say that something is exacerbating it's it's basically getting worse
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uh and 146 picture of the location of the scapulae which are your shoulder bones
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top of 147 lists some common um syndromes okay so probably some of these you've heard of maybe maybe all of them we've got AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
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we've got carpal tunnel syndrome Down's Syndrome
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mitral valve prolapse syndrome and then toxic shock syndrome so I'd like you to read over those look over the signs and the symptoms like I said you're probably familiar with uh most if not all of those under the term trans there it was again the transurethral resection of the prostate gland
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on 148 there's a picture of the heart okay and then the different valves of the heart there's also a tracing of the blood flow going from the inferior and superior vena cava into the right atrium the blood goes from the right atrium to the right ventricle uh from there then we have to bring the blood to the lungs
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um and then we're going to bring the blood back to the left side of the heart left atrium and left ventricle so it can be pumped out through the aorta but you can see on the right side you've got the tricuspid valve Why Try it's got three Valves and then on the left side we've got the mitral valve which also called the bicuspid it's got two vectors there are two flaps
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then at the bottom it's showing you then an ultrasound of a baby here you can see with today's technology we can get really good uh detail on sonography of the baby's face for example as it's showing you there the last thing that I'd like to take a look at is going to be um on page 160. I always want to make sure that you know how to pronounce terms because obviously part of medical terminology is the proper pronunciation of terms as in addition
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to the spelling as well so let's take a look at the terms you just follow along I'm going to say the terms for you so that you can hear them so we've got abnormal adrenal glands analysis anemia
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antipartum antibiotic antigen aphasia apnea atrophy benign bilateral
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bradycardia congenital anomaly dialysis diarrhea dysphagia dysplasia dyspnea dysuria
29:47
ectopic pregnancy endocrine glands endoscopy epidural hematoma Excision extra hepatic
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honey gastrectomy have a pleasure hyperglycemia
30:13
hyperplasia hypertension
30:19
hyperthyroidism
30:22
hypertrophy hypoglycemia incision intervertebral
30:33
intrauterine intravenous malignant batacarpal metastasis neonatal neoplastic paralysis
30:53
paraplegia parathyroid glands perianal periosteum polydipsia
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polyneuropathy
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polyurea post-mortem postpartum pre-cancerous prolapse prosthesis
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quadriplegia relapse remission resection retroperitoneal
31:39
subcostal subcutaneous subdurohematoma
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subscapular subtotal syndrome tachycardia
32:00
trans abdominal transurethra
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tricuspid valve ultrasonography
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unilateral and urinalysis so these are the terms that you should know it says to write out then the meanings of those it gives you a few case studies I'd like you to look at within the text itself as well so once again if you have any questions at all you know my email you can email me and uh I certainly will get back to you that's it for the chapter on prefixes
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