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0:03
Fredy Aviles: Okay, welcome to general psychology psych 101 today we're going to talk, we're going to be talking about learning at least this week, we're going to talk about learning today. We're only going over the first half of this chapter. So we're gonna
0:18
Fredy Aviles: Talk about this stuff. We're not going to get through all of it today because it will require two lectures but today we're going to talk about Fredy Aviles: Classical conditioning. Okay, we're going to talk about behaviors. And we're going to talk about, you know, classical conditioning and when. And that's all we're going to get to opera conditioning social learning
0:38
Fredy Aviles: Another two forms of learning. We won't get to today. So there's three forms of learning. You guys just let you know right off right off the bat. Right. It's class conditioning. Fredy Aviles: Option conditioning and learning. Those are the three forms of learning. Actually, the behaviors. That's something that I described on one slide who they were. And I actually have that after class conditioning.
1:00
Fredy Aviles: Yeah, I should have move that up to, you know, be in sync with the the overview here anyway let's get started. Let's talk about Fredy Aviles: Classical conditioning, actually. First let's describe what learning is okay learning. There's your definition there it says learning is a process by which experience results in a change in behavior. That's according to Woodward and Boyd.
1:24
Fredy Aviles: Something published in 2008 was actually a textbook. Remember, that's how to cite an APA style. So learning is a process by which experiences result in a change in behavior.
1:34
Fredy Aviles: What that means is that if something happens to you. And then, and as a result you change your behavior, right, something is different. Afterward, that means you have learned something.
1:45
Fredy Aviles: If something happens to you, and then you continue to do the same thing you probably haven't learned anything Fredy Aviles: Now, it doesn't have to be a change in behavior that's just one definition, but it could learn and grow as a result in a change and feelings in a change in thinking
2:00
Fredy Aviles: Okay, but that is learning it means that something happens, something happened to you or you had some experience and then something changed as a result, your thinking, change your behavior change or maybe your feelings changed. Okay, that is learning
2:15
Fredy Aviles: And the first form of learning that was discovered is actually called classical conditioning one form of learning. There's three kinds Fredy Aviles: The first one we're going to talk about is called class conditioning classical conditioning is learning that due to pairing a neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus. Fredy Aviles: That probably doesn't make much sense right now, but that's okay. By the time we're done with the lecture, it should make sense, but a simple way to
2:42
Fredy Aviles: Think about class conditioning and simple way to think about it is that it's also called associative learning. So it's learning through Association. For instance, if you know police are associated with punishment.
2:55
Fredy Aviles: Right policemen are associated with punishment, then you probably don't like the police, very much. Okay. Because you've learned to fear them. You learn not to like them because they're associated with punishment. Fredy Aviles: That's associative learning that is class conditioning. We'll talk about how it works. Okay, it's not as simple as it may sound just by calling an associate of learning.
3:15
Fredy Aviles: But that is cost conditioning and it was discovered by Ivan Pavlov or just Ivan Pavlov, and there's a link to a video there. Fredy Aviles: Normally if we were in class, I would show you guys that video, but in zoom. Some people have complained that they can't always hear the audio so I'm not going to play it. I'm going to Fredy Aviles: Have you guys watch that on your own. Okay, but it's the story of Pavlov about how he discovered class conditioning and he discovered by accident.
3:44
Fredy Aviles: Okay, here's an image of Pavlov over here you can see there, he kind of looks like Santa Claus. But that's Pavlov okay um Fredy Aviles: Power lava. It says there Ivan Pavlov research on the digestive system of dogs unexpectedly led to the discovery or his discovery. Fredy Aviles: Of the learning process now known as classical conditioning. So he's the one who discovered class conditioning and he wasn't even a psychologist, he was a Russian physiologist, he was studying saliva.
4:16
Fredy Aviles: And accidentally discovered this process of learning, known as class conditioning. Let me describe that a little bit what he was doing so.
4:25
Fredy Aviles: Pavlov was basically so measuring. He was collecting saliva from dogs, and he was measuring it and studying and
4:34
Fredy Aviles: So he had basically this device are connected to that the dogs are celebration glands basically where if the dogs salivated Fredy Aviles: So I would collect into a little into a little tool. Okay, kind of like a test tube and he was collected measured saliva now know to make his dog salivate Pavlov would first, you know, give them some food. Okay. And then the dogs would salivate
5:01
Fredy Aviles: When he would collect the saliva and measure it, you know, and studying now what he notice after a while. Is that his dog started salivating before he even gave them food, the dogs became used to this routine of getting food.
5:17
Fredy Aviles: salivating
5:19
Fredy Aviles: And then salivating okay so Pamela notice after a while that is dogs began to salivate before they even got the food and Pavlov reason that dogs basically must be learning something. This must be some form of learning. He did some research right he did to actually did some experiments.
5:38
Fredy Aviles: To determine that the dogs were actually learning, like for instance he tried to what he did is one experiment in one experiment. He actually presented some Fredy Aviles: He actually presented some music to the dog. So he played some music. Then he gave dog some food and then the dogs would salivate Fredy Aviles: He did that over and over again. And after a while, he found that the dogs would salivate when they heard the music.
6:02
Fredy Aviles: He did the same thing with the bell and taught the dogs to salivate to the sound of the bell. Okay. He did the same thing with a light. He got he taught the dogs to salivate when he turned on a light.
6:14
Fredy Aviles: Pavlov basically had discovered a form of learning and that form of learning is called class conditioning and here are the basic here's a, here's a, here's one version of his experiment that experiment that he did
6:31
Fredy Aviles: So you have to look at these images here from basically from left to right, top to bottom. So first, we see that image there of a dog with a bowl of food. Fredy Aviles: Okay, and what that means is that at the beginning. Okay, before conditioning before any learning has taken place the dog celebrates to food. Okay, so before conditioning. It says there the unconditioned stimulus. The food producers and unconditioned response that we call salvation.
7:05
Fredy Aviles: So food is something that is known as an unconditioned stimulus. It's something you don't have to learn to respond to unconditioned means it's kind of unlearned natural it's automatic. It's like a reflex. Okay.
7:18
Fredy Aviles: And salvation is an unconditioned response and unlearn response. So at the beginning, the dog celebrates the food. But if you look at the seven second image, the dog does not celebrate to a bell. Okay. And that's what the first
7:32
Fredy Aviles: Paragraph says there before conditioning or the first sentence before conditioning the unconditioned stimulus. The food producers and unconditioned stimulus. I mean, Fredy Aviles: Yeah. Before before conditioning the unconditioned stimulus. The food produces an unconditioned response salvation, a neutral stimulus does not. So at the beginning dogs elevates the food. It does not salivate to a bell.
7:53
Fredy Aviles: The bell is neutral, it doesn't produce salvation. The food is not neutral. It produces salvation, the food we call an unconditioned stimulus. The celebration, we call an unconditioned response. Now, if you look at the third image there on the lower left.
8:09
Fredy Aviles: Right, what happens there is you bring about. Okay.
8:14
Fredy Aviles: You give the dog food and then dog celebrates okay that's during conditioning and it says there during conditioning the unconditioned stimulus. The food is Fredy Aviles: Presented repeatedly, just after the neutral response. So, the food is presented. After the bell. So a simpler way of saying that is you ring the bell, give the dog food. And then the dog celebrates
8:36
Fredy Aviles: After conditioning the neutral stimulus alone produces a conditioned response celebration that's becoming a condition stimulus. Now that may not make much so make much sense of the beginning there but
8:49
Fredy Aviles: There at the end after conditioning. When you ring the bell. The dog celebrates to the bell by itself. Fredy Aviles: So let's go through this again. I know that's probably a little bit confusing. I'm used to doing this kind of in person and you know doing other things. But now I have to do it in, zoom, and it's a little bit different. So at the beginning, you look at the first picture on the
9:09
Fredy Aviles: Upper left there but at the beginning, the dog salivate to food, the dog. There's not salivate to the bell. Okay.
9:17
Fredy Aviles: You can see there the picture on the upper right dog not celebrate to the bell. Okay, that's before conditioning before any learning has taken place. Fredy Aviles: During conditioning during learning you ring the bell, give the dog food. The dog celebrates that during condition that's during learning that's how the dog is going to learn
9:35
Fredy Aviles: After conditioning after learning the dog will salivate to the bell by itself. Fredy Aviles: Because remember, you rang the bell gave the dog food and dogs salivated after a while the dog knows that when you ring the bell. That means food is coming. The dog has learned something.
9:50
Fredy Aviles: That is class conditioning and believe it or not, that's one version of the experiment that Pablo Pavlov. Did he also did other versions in other versions. All you have to do is replace the bell, maybe with a light.
10:01
Fredy Aviles: Or with the music or the ticking of a metronome. That's also shown in the video. Fredy Aviles: But that's one example. Now it may not make much sense yet, but it will make more sense as we Fredy Aviles: Go through the lecture. And I'll tell you other examples say about other examples. So let's define some of these things because there's some terminology that comes up that may be confusing.
10:19
Fredy Aviles: So first, what is an unconditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus can also be abbreviated as UCS the unconditioned stimulus. Fredy Aviles: Is the stimulus that automatically elicits a response. So an unconditioned stimulus is something you respond automatically to in in our example that is food.
10:35
Fredy Aviles: Food is something you respond automatically to just like the dog right let's just think about the dog for a month. Right. You get the dog food. The dog salvage right salvation is part of the
10:49
Fredy Aviles: Part of that digestion process, believe it or not, it helps Fredy Aviles: Break down the food, then it also breaks down by you, biting on it and things like that. But the point is, is that food is an unconditioned stimulus. It's something you respond automatically to Fredy Aviles: So an unconditioned stimulus is something you respond automatically to it's like something that's a reflex something that's hardwired. You don't have to learning. That's an unconditioned stimulus.
11:11
Fredy Aviles: So in our example. It's food. Now the unconditioned response that is the response to the unconditioned stimulus. And in this case it's celebration.
11:20
Fredy Aviles: So food is the unconditioned stimulus, it automatically leads to salvation. Salvation is the unconditioned response, the natural response, let's say, Fredy Aviles: The hard wired response the unlearned response. It's just something that you do automatically okay and a neutral stimulus is a stimulus that does not elicit the unconditioned response the neutral stimulus is something that's neutral something that is not going to cause salvation.
11:47
Fredy Aviles: In this example, I'm going to use atoning for it could just be a fork. Okay, something that is neutral, okay. It's something that does not give you the unconditioned response, it's neutral, it doesn't it doesn't give you that response.
12:05
Fredy Aviles: And we also have a condition stimulus. What is a condition stimulus a conditioned stimulus. You can abbreviate it as CSA conditioned stimulus is a stimulus that elicits a response after paired with the unconditioned stimulus.
12:20
Fredy Aviles: To put that in a different way, a condition stimulus is something you'll respond to after learning after learning through Association.
12:30
Fredy Aviles: And again, our example here, the condition stimulus is going to be the tuning fork.
12:36
Fredy Aviles: Remember the tuning fork is neutral at first. After you learn to respond to it. It's called a condition stimulus.
12:43
Fredy Aviles: And the conditioned response abbreviated a car is the response. The condition stimulus elicits after paired with the unconditioned stimulus, the conditioned response is simply basically your response to the condition stimulus.
12:57
Fredy Aviles: The good. Okay. Let me say that again. I think I might have said it wrong, the conditioned response is the response to the condition stimulus.
13:06
Fredy Aviles: In this case it's salvation.
13:08
Fredy Aviles: Salvation is something that the dog has learned and it has learned to respond with salvation.
13:17
Fredy Aviles: To something
13:20
Fredy Aviles: That was previously neutral. Okay, the tuning fork used to be neutral. Once the dog learns to respond to the tuning fork with salvation the tuning fork becomes a conditioned stimulus. Fredy Aviles: And the salvation is now a conditioned response. Let me show you an image so that you understand, Okay, maybe some of you are more visual. But here's the example plus conditioning. It's a form of learning. It's
13:42
Fredy Aviles: Simply learning through association, but this is the process by which it works. So number one, there before conditioning before any learning has taken place. Okay. The dog salivate to the food that's what the image shows you Fredy Aviles: The food is the unconditioned stimulus. The celebration is the unconditioned response.
14:00
Fredy Aviles: Okay.
14:02
Fredy Aviles: Now before conditioning. Number two, there
14:06
Fredy Aviles: Right. We also have a neutral stimulus, the tuning fork the tuning fork does not cause any celebration. It doesn't lead to celebration. Okay. It's what we call a neutral stimulus. Fredy Aviles: However, if you look at number three there. The third image there. Number three, during conditioning. If you present the tuning fork first
14:26
Fredy Aviles: Then you present the food, the dog celebrates the dogs elevates because of the food at the beginning but you present the tuning fork, then the food, then the salvation.
14:35
Fredy Aviles: You do that over and over again tuning for food salvation. Okay, so first the neutral stimulus, the unconditioned stimulus and the unconditioned response. And you do that over and over again.
14:48
Fredy Aviles: And what happens is that after a while you present that tuning fork and the dog will celebrate Fredy Aviles: The dog will salivate to the tuning for before the food is even presented without the food, basically. So after conditioning has taken place the dog salivate Fredy Aviles: To the tuning fork. So you present the toning for dogs elevates that's what happens after the after conditioning the tuning fork is no longer a neutral stimulus. Now it's a condition stimulus.
15:15
Fredy Aviles: It's something. The dog has learned to respond to and salvation is no longer an unconditioned response. Now it's a learned response. So we call it a conditioned response.
15:28
Fredy Aviles: And that is how classic conditioning works.
15:32
Fredy Aviles: This may sound like it's no big deal. But this is actually very important. It has to do with a bunch of different things. Okay, it explains so much of your life. Fredy Aviles: Okay so much about your life and why you feel a certain way. Why you respond to certain things a certain way. It is a fundamental form of learning discovered by Pamela. So that's an example there, hopefully you understand a bit more
15:53
Fredy Aviles: How it works now but we we went over the definitions and now we've gone over another example. Okay. And we went to. We went through a previous example, remember right now if you look at this one over here, you should understand that one but here's another one.
16:10
Fredy Aviles: Here's another one over here that we just went over. So here, instead of a bell. We have a tuning fork. Fredy Aviles: Instead of a tuning fork. We can have a light, we can have music right the dog can learn to salivate to just about anything as long as that thing is associated with food. That's a class conditioning works.
16:26
Fredy Aviles: Here's other examples for you guys because it's not all about salivating dogs. This works with everyone. This works with people. This works with other things as well. Here's an example that shows you how you can learn to be afraid of clowns.
16:42
Fredy Aviles: So here's the thing before conditioning before any learning has taken place clowns should not be scary clown is like a neutral stimulus. Fredy Aviles: doesn't lead to any fear. It's just a goofy guy or girl and a goofy costume with a big red nose and big red shoes and some puffy outfit. Okay, that's a clown.
17:03
Fredy Aviles: It's neutral at the beginning shouldn't cause any fear.
17:08
Fredy Aviles: Now the movie if there's a movie, known as it right, there's an early version of the movie that's supposed to be very scary, right. Um, and then there's a modern one that's more of a remake of the movie, but the movie. It is a very scary movie that does cause fear.
17:27
Fredy Aviles: So, the movie is the unconditioned stimulus. It's something that's scary. Fredy Aviles: That is going to elicit fearing you automatically. OK, so the movie. It is the unconditioned stimulus. The fear is the unconditioned response. That's the response elicited by the unconditioned stimulus. So the movie automatically leads to fear. Now, this is what happens. This is
17:45
Fredy Aviles: How we could explain that you can become classically conditioned to be to fear cloud. So you can become conditioned to fear clowns. So what happens is, first, WHY YOU KNEW ABOUT CLOWNS you have that neutral stimulus.
17:59
Fredy Aviles: Right, you knew about clowns and then you watch that movie it that very scary movie. And in that movie. By the way, there's a clown that murders people so clowns become associated with that movie.
18:12
Fredy Aviles: And then of course after that you get the fear. It's a very scary movie.
18:16
Fredy Aviles: So first, right, you get the neutral stimulus. And that's followed by the unconditioned stimulus. And then that's followed by the unconditioned response you knew about clowns. Then you watch that scary movie. And that's the scary movie. Let the fear.
18:31
Fredy Aviles: That movie is actually so scary that just by watching it once clowns become associated with murder and really scary things. So after watching that movie clowns are no longer neutral. Fredy Aviles: Clowns are now a neutral economic neutral, a condition stimulus. Right.
18:50
Fredy Aviles: That lead that lead automatically not automatically that lead to fear. That's the conditioned response. So Cloud a cloud is not something you learn to respond to with fear. The clown is now the condition stimulus and the fears the conditioned response.
19:05
Fredy Aviles: When a lot of people when you ask people if they're afraid of clowns.
19:10
Fredy Aviles: A lot of people say yes and you ask them why a lot of them will tell you because of that movie that movie. It Fredy Aviles: At least that's what they used to say in the past. Now, you guys. I don't know. You guys are more modern generation right they did make a remake of the movie. I don't know if it's a scary or a lot of you watched it.
19:29
Fredy Aviles: But that's how a lot of people learn to be afraid of clowns in the past is because of that movie.
19:35
Fredy Aviles: Okay, now it's not just about clowns. Either you can also learn other things through class conditioning, you can learn, you know, Fredy Aviles: This example over here you can learn about this. So here's the thing before conditioning before and E learning has taken place the perfume perfume is something that is neutral. Fredy Aviles: It doesn't cause arousal doesn't get you all excited. Okay.
19:58
Fredy Aviles: You can think of arousal in different ways, right, maybe get you excited increases your heart rate your blood pressure, right, or you can maybe you can think about arousal as Fredy Aviles: Let's say sexual arousal. But the point is that perfume should not lead to any arousal, the perfume is a neutral stimulus. It's just a a smelly, you know, it could be a nice smell right but it doesn't lead to arousal. Okay. Your partner. On the other hand,
20:26
Fredy Aviles: Is someone that you find very arousing let's say you're very attracted to your partner so they arouse you to increase your heart rate your breathing, maybe even turn you on sexually right Fredy Aviles: But that's your partner. That is the unconditioned stimulus, you automatically respond to them with arousal. Hey, we're human beings, where people were naturally attracted to other people.
20:50
Fredy Aviles: Now we're not going to get into whether it has to be the same sex or different sex not going to get into that, but let's just say your partner right you're sexually attracted to your partner. Fredy Aviles: Okay, so your partner's the unconditioned stimulus. You didn't really have to learn that. Okay, they're just they look really good and they turn you off. Okay.
21:05
Fredy Aviles: The arousal is the unconditioned response. So at the beginning, the perfume doesn't cause arousal, it's neutral your partner does cause arousal your partner's the unconditioned stimulus, the arousal is the unconditioned response. Here's what happened to
21:19
Fredy Aviles: Your partner always wears this perfume.
21:23
Fredy Aviles: I guess, in this case, I guess your partner would be a female I guess because females wear perfume men work alone. Fredy Aviles: It's the same thing. Believe it or not, they just call it different things. It's just marketing. Okay, what are the beginning Fredy Aviles: Well, let's say your partner always worth a certain perfume or a certain cologne. Okay, let's just call it perfume. That's the neutral stimulus. So you can you can smell them when they walk in the room.
21:45
Fredy Aviles: Okay, that's the perfume. You can smell them when they walk in the room. Okay, and then
21:51
Fredy Aviles: And then you see your partner or you know you experience your partner, right. Whatever it is, and they turn you on
21:59
Fredy Aviles: Okay, so first you smell the perfume and then you see your partner when they turn you on Fredy Aviles: And your partner turns you on so neutral stimulus follow the unconditioned stimulus, followed by the unconditioned response. Fredy Aviles: Okay, this happens over and over again. And this order after a while, what you'll find is the perfume will cause arousal as well the perfume will turn you on all by itself.
22:24
Fredy Aviles: The perfume is no longer neutral. Now it's a conditioned stimulus, the arousal now is the conditioned response. You can learn to be sexually aroused to perfume and two other things, by the way. Ever heard of people being aroused by shoes.
22:39
Fredy Aviles: Or let's say whips and chains leather, that kind of stuff, you know that. What do they call that sadomasochism stuff right
22:48
Fredy Aviles: How does that happen. Guess what classical conditioning. That is how it works. Class conditioning explains so much about how you feel and how you respond to things, whether you're talking about fear of policeman or sexual arousal to certain types of people or to certain things.
23:09
Fredy Aviles: Class conditioning. Okay, here's another example for you guys.
23:14
Fredy Aviles: To actually, before I get to that other example I'm going to even tell you guys about another thing. There's actually a story of a woman who became sexually aroused to the smell of onions.
23:25
Fredy Aviles: How could that happen onions are neutral right they're not supposed to cause any arousal. Fredy Aviles: Well guess what, her husband worked at an onion factory and he came home smelling like onions all the time. So during conditioning. This is what would happen. Her husband would come home and she could smell the onions on him.
23:43
Fredy Aviles: And then, you know,
23:45
Fredy Aviles: He would get naked their do their thing, right. She wouldn't become sexually aroused. This happened over and over again. She could smell the onions. She'd experienced our partnership become sexually aroused, after a while, the smell of onions would turn her on would arouse her
24:01
Fredy Aviles: Okay, the smell of it is by themselves with a browser that is because of class conditioning. So think about it. Right. Think about the different things that you Fredy Aviles: are attracted to, or the different things that you fear the things that annoy you, different things. A lot of those things are probably learned in there. Learn to class conditioning.
24:19
Fredy Aviles: But not everything is learned, by the way, let me point that out. This doesn't explain everything. Here's another example for you an example about anxiety. Fredy Aviles: You know your alarm that alarm clock right or the, the sound of the alarm. It shouldn't cause any anxiety at the beginning, it should be neutral. It's just a sound.
24:37
Fredy Aviles: Okay, now your work does cause anxiety. Let's say you don't like your work. It's very difficult is stressful work is the unconditioned stimulus. It causes anxiety. That's the unconditioned response.
24:49
Fredy Aviles: Okay.
24:51
Fredy Aviles: So this is what happens. Right, you set that alarm, so you can get up to go to work on time, right. So this is what happens that alarm clock goes off, you hear the alarm that's neutral, then you go to work.
25:04
Fredy Aviles: And work makes you anxious
25:08
Fredy Aviles: You do this over and over again, the alarm goes off, you get yourself to work. You get anxious over and over again neutral stimulus, followed by the unconditioned stimulus, followed by the unconditioned response.
25:21
Fredy Aviles: And what happens after a while you hear that alarm and you're already anxious before you even go to work, you're stressed out already, you're anxious, the alarm is no longer neutral. The alarm is now a conditioned stimulus is CS right and the anxiety is now a conditioned response a car.
25:39
Fredy Aviles: And that's how you can learn to be anxious or stressed out about things that shouldn't stress you out.
25:46
Fredy Aviles: The alarm clock to not stress you out. Okay.
25:50
Fredy Aviles: I
25:51
Fredy Aviles: Have a test should not stress you out having to write a paper should not stress you out. But why do they stress, y'all. It's because they're associated with other things that do stress you out.
26:02
Fredy Aviles: Okay, so you should get the point. Now you can learn a lot of different things you can learn to become anxious, fearful, you can learn to like things
26:13
Fredy Aviles: All sorts of things and learn to class conditioning.
26:17
Fredy Aviles: It explains so much about our lives. And by the way, there are psychological disorders that are learned in this way.
26:25
Fredy Aviles: And it's a it's important that we understand how they develop because understanding class conditioning doesn't just allow us to understand how certain psychological disorders develop Fredy Aviles: Like for instance, post traumatic stress disorder but also allows us to understand how to treat them and that will talk about when we talk about therapies, but there are therapies based on classical conditioning.
26:48
Fredy Aviles: Now let's explain a little bit more about class finishing. We went through. We went through several examples, we have to know after understand another term that's kind of, you know, this definition. There's something known as acquisition
27:00
Fredy Aviles: Acquisition is the process that strengthened the strengthens a conditioned response. It's when the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are paired together. Fredy Aviles: Acquisition to put a differently is how you acquire the learning. It's how you learn. Fredy Aviles: So it says it's when the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are paired together.
27:21
Fredy Aviles: Acquisition is when the tuning fork, for instance, is followed by the food when the tuning fork is associated with the food that is how learning works. That is how classical conditioning works. It is also called associative learning. Remember Fredy Aviles: So acquisition is when the neutral stimulus is associated with the unconditioned stimulus.
27:41
Fredy Aviles: We're not going to do these class assignments. Right now I'm going to save them until the end so that we don't get interrupted. So that's acquisition right to show you an image back to our image over here.
27:52
Fredy Aviles: Acquisition right here in the example with the dog acquisition is number three. That is when the food and the tuning fork become associated that's when the tuning forks associate with the food. Okay. When the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus are paired together.
28:07
Fredy Aviles: Number three is acquisition one and two are before conditioning. Number three is during conditioning that is during learning that is acquisition. Number four is after conditioning after the learning
28:20
Fredy Aviles: Okay. Um, another term, you'll have to know another two terms of view extinction.
28:25
Fredy Aviles: Extinction is when the condition stimulus, the CS stops eliciting the conditioned response.
28:32
Fredy Aviles: Extinction is when you, when basically you get rid of the learning
28:39
Fredy Aviles: It's for instance when the tuning fork no longer least salvation. The thing that you have learned to respond to you no longer respond to that is extinction. It's like getting rid of the learning, they call it extinction. Fredy Aviles: It says that, of course, if you were repeatedly present the condition stimulus without the unconditioned stimulus.
28:57
Fredy Aviles: So here's the thing, the dog learned to salivate to the tuning fork, let's say, right. The dog has learned to solve it to the tuning fork. Fredy Aviles: So the tuning fork is a condition stimulus. The celebration is the conditioned response. How do you stop that from happening, how do you get rid of that.
29:12
Fredy Aviles: You have to present the condition stimulus, you have to present the tuning fork without the unconditioned stimulus, you have to present the tuning fork without the food, the way the dog learned was tuning fork food that's Association right that's acquisition tuning fork food.
29:29
Fredy Aviles: The way to unlearn it is tuning fork no food tuning fork no food over and over again presented tuning fork and no food. Fredy Aviles: You do that many different times. You do that many times, and after a while the dog will understand that there's a tuning fork. But there's no food coming after a while, it will get it. It will unlearn it that's extinction.
29:54
Fredy Aviles: Spontaneous recovery is temporary return. I've been extinguished response after delay spontaneous recovery is when the learning seems to come back on its own for things to be no reason. So let's say you you
30:08
Fredy Aviles: You know, you got the dog to go through extinction, you show the dog, the tuning fork and the dog no longer celebrates okay you got rid of the salvation. You gone through extinction.
30:21
Fredy Aviles: You know what happens after a while the dog goes through several days right let's say you take a break the dog never sees a duty for okay i mean the dog doesn't see a tuning fork. Let's say for two days three days, two weeks or whatever it is.
30:35
Fredy Aviles: Okay, and the dog doesn't sell me to the tuning fork anymore Just wait a few days and then after those few days show the dog, the tuning for the dog will salivate again. You thought you've gotten rid of it. And then it came back spontaneously. That's called spontaneous recovery.
30:51
Fredy Aviles: The good news is, is that you show the dog Donnie Darko salivate Fredy Aviles: Okay, but you're the tuning fork. Again, the dog was elevate and then it'll quickly die down because the dog has already learned that doesn't mean for this coming anymore, but it's like the dog forgets. Fredy Aviles: And then it's elevates to the tuning fork. Again, but it will quickly died down but spontaneous recovery is when it comes back.
31:13
Fredy Aviles: Seemingly spontaneously seemingly at its own after you've gotten rid of it after you went through extinction.
31:21
Fredy Aviles: Another two terms, we have to know about.
31:24
Fredy Aviles: Okay stimulus generalization stimulus generalization is when something similar to the condition stimulus also elicits the conditioned response. So let me explain that stimulus generalization is when something similar to a tuning fork.
31:40
Fredy Aviles: Also causes the dogs to salivate
31:44
Fredy Aviles: So let's say a pitchfork. You know, like dolls are used to, you know, I'll to, you know, to, like, move a bale of hay bale
31:52
Fredy Aviles: Of hay or something like that, or just a big giant plastic fork, right, something that looks like a tuning fork in some way that has prongs will also cause the dogs to salivate it's similar to the tuning fork. That's called stimulus generalization.
32:11
Fredy Aviles: If the dog has learned to salivate to a bell.
32:15
Fredy Aviles: Then something that sounds like a bell.
32:18
Fredy Aviles: Will also cause the dog to celebrate that stimulus generalization.
32:22
Fredy Aviles: stimulus discrimination is when something different from the condition stimulus does not give you the conditioned response. So something that's very different from that tuning fork, something that looks very different is not going to cause the dog to salivate
32:38
Fredy Aviles: That is stimulus discrimination, something that sounds very different from a bell. It say will not cause the dog to celebrate so stimulus discrimination is when you have something different that does not give you the conditioned response. It doesn't give you the learned response.
32:52
Fredy Aviles: We're going to save that class work until I'm done with the lecture, okay. And we'll go through those examples. And what we're going to have time. Okay.
33:01
Fredy Aviles: Let's keep going. There's also something known as higher order conditioning.
33:06
Fredy Aviles: Higher order conditioning is basically when a second thing becomes associated and you learn to respond to that thing as well. Fredy Aviles: So higher order conditioning is it says there and established condition stimulus. Fredy Aviles: It's when an established condition stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus. A second order stimulus that's a new neutral stimulus, so that eventually the new stimulus also elicits the conditioned response.
33:35
Fredy Aviles: Without the initial unconditioned stimulus being present. Let me explain that a higher a higher order higher order conditioning is when you have when you get something new and you associate that new thing to the thing you already learned to respond to
33:52
Fredy Aviles: And then you learn to respond to the new thing you learn to respond to the second order condition stimulus, you learn to respond to the second thing that is called higher order conditioning. And here's an example over here with this image over here.
34:07
Fredy Aviles: So here's the thing.
34:10
Fredy Aviles: Um, let's say you have an electric can opener right electric can opener makes a sound right. Use the electric can opener. You open up a can of cat food.
34:21
Fredy Aviles: Okay, so what happens is the cat. Here's the electric can opener and then they can get some food and the cat Celebes okay
34:31
Fredy Aviles: You'll notice after a while the cat, of course, will learn to salivate to the electric can opener. Fredy Aviles: But here's the thing. What happens, it's actually more complicated into that. Here's what happens. You actually open up the squeaky cabinet door. Let's say you have the can opener nick in the cabinet door. So first you open up the cabinet door then you get the can opener.
34:52
Fredy Aviles: Right.
34:55
Fredy Aviles: And the you know what will happen is the capital salving the count will sell it, because he has learned to celebrate to the candle here which is associated with food.
35:07
Fredy Aviles: But that's going to happen over and over again. And after a while, what will happen. Okay, so, so you're going to get that electric can opener. Fredy Aviles: You can open up the squeaky cabinet door and you're going to get the electric can opener and the cat will sell it after a while, what you'll find is the cat will also salivate to the sound of the squeaky cabinet door.
35:27
Fredy Aviles: Maybe I didn't explain that over, let me say, let me say it this way. Okay. When you feed that cat.
35:33
Fredy Aviles: You open up the squeaky cabinet door, you get the electric can opener. You open up a can of food and you give the cat food and then the cat celebrates and eats. Okay.
35:46
Fredy Aviles: You do that over and over again squeaky cabinet door can opener food and then the cats elevates after a while the cat will have learned to salivate, not just to the sound of the electric can opener.
36:03
Fredy Aviles: That comes right before the food. So the electric can opener become something with the food that cat will celebrate to the electric can opener. But the capital also salivate to the squeaky cabinet door the cat will also salivate to that second thing.
36:17
Fredy Aviles: That is called higher order condition. So, in real life, what happens is, things are more complicated.
36:24
Fredy Aviles: For cat doesn't just celebrate to the sign of the category but also maybe to the squeaky cabinet door.
36:30
Fredy Aviles: In real life, there are multiple things that are happening. And you can become condition, not just one thing, but to multiple things at the same time, or you can learn to be or you can learn
36:42
Fredy Aviles: You can basically you can learn to associate one thing with another and then you can learn to associate the thing that you learn with something else.
36:52
Fredy Aviles: So you can get higher order conditioning. It's also called second order condition. I hope that makes sense. But, you know, do your homework, read the book and Fredy Aviles: You know, try those homework assignments and if it doesn't work if you're not getting it right, let me know.
37:08
Fredy Aviles: Here's another example. Plus conditioning. There wasn't somebody known as john Watson john Watson was basically someone who learned about class conditioning. Remember, Pavlov, discovered, discovered it john Watson decided that he could use to class conditioning.
37:27
Fredy Aviles: To demonstrate that emotions are learned that's what Watson wanted to do Johnson Watson demonstrated what we call emotional condition Watson demonstrated that you can learn emotions. Okay. Fredy Aviles: So Watson did this very cruel experiment with a toddler, by the way, that he called Little Albert so Watson did an emotional conditioning experiment a little Albert
37:53
Fredy Aviles: Little Albert was a you know a child may Todrick who, you know, I don't even think he could walk here. I think you just crawl. This is what Watson did Watson would present a loud noise.
38:06
Fredy Aviles: I can't make a loud noise right now, but I'm very loud noise. Okay. And then the baby would become afraid that would lead to fear they will become afraid they will begin to cry was very loud noise.
38:18
Fredy Aviles: Okay, so the loud noise is the unconditioned stimulus, the fears the unconditioned response.
38:24
Fredy Aviles: Watson also showed this let's just call it a baby showed the baby a white rat.
38:31
Fredy Aviles: The baby was not afraid of the white right it's a cute fuzzy white rat the baby actually like the white right and will try to touch the white rat. Okay.
38:40
Fredy Aviles: So that's what we have at the beginning, the baby is afraid of loud noises, but the baby's not afraid of the white rat. That's what happens before conditioning, you know, here's the cruel experiment that Watson. Did he presented the baby with the white rat.
38:55
Fredy Aviles: Then he produced that loud noise and then the baby would become afraid and would start to cry. He did this over and over again white rat loud noise. Fredy Aviles: Fear and crying would have follow afterward. So the white, red is the neutral stimulus that is followed by the unconditioned stimulus, the loud noise and that's followed by the unconditioned response, the fear and the crime.
39:19
Fredy Aviles: Okay, like I said, in real life, it's more complex, not just fear. Sometimes it's crying to Fredy Aviles: Watson did this over and over again, very cool experiment white rat showed the baby. The white bread made that loud noise. The baby became afraid and began to began to cry. After a while, Watson, would show the baby. The white, red and the baby will become afraid and would start to cry.
39:42
Fredy Aviles: The baby has now been conditioned to be afraid of the white rep, the white, red is no longer neutral. The white, red is now conditioned stimulus. The fear is now the conditioned response.
39:54
Fredy Aviles: very cruel mean experiment. There's no way they would allow anything like that today but Watson demonstrated with this experiment or he tried to demonstrate that you basically learn your emotions. Fredy Aviles: You learn fear you learn happiness you learn anger. That's what he was trying to demonstrate. Now here's the thing. I will tell you that he's partly right and partly wrong.
40:16
Fredy Aviles: emotions aren't really learned you basically, those are biological they're hardwired but what you are actually what makes you emotional that is learned so anger is it learned. But what makes you angry, the subject of the anger that is learned
40:34
Fredy Aviles: Okay so Watson demonstrated that you can you can learn to become angry afraid or whatever it is two different things to things that are neutral, but the emotions themselves are biological they're hardwired okay
40:48
Fredy Aviles: So, but the source of those emotions what triggers those emotions that is learned. Okay, the emotions themselves are not learned, but what triggers the emotions. So I hope that makes sense to you. Fredy Aviles: Watson also coined the word behavior that he made up this word called behavior ism behavior ism is one of the theories that you have to learn
41:05
Fredy Aviles: You know about psychology. One of the theories. One of the psychological theories behaviors and basically is the study of behavioral study of observable behavior and those that are that believe in behavior ism are called behaviors.
41:21
Fredy Aviles: Here's more about behavior ism. So the theory of behavior ism says that all behavior is learned everything is longer emotions are learned. Okay.
41:32
Fredy Aviles: Your behavior is learned. Okay, so you. For instance, if you are raw a good student. You've learned it. If you're a bad student you've learned that if you're afraid of policeman you've learned it.
41:42
Fredy Aviles: If you're schizophrenia, you've learned that too. If you're depressed. You've learned. They believe everything has learned
41:49
Fredy Aviles: They focused on behavior. Okay, but you know behavior also goes along with the motions of that, but they they focused on being visually all behaviors learn everything that we do is learn. That's what they believe. Fredy Aviles: And you know what a lot of things that we learn a lot of things that we do our Learn but not everything. Okay, they're not completely right.
42:07
Fredy Aviles: They also believe that observable, measurable behavior should be studied. We should only study those things that we can observe those things that we can measure. And what is that that is behavior. Fredy Aviles: We should not study thinking, okay, things that go on in the mind because thinking is not necessary to understand or explain behavior. You don't need to know about thinking. According to behaviors, according to the theory of behavior ism. It's not necessary.
42:33
Fredy Aviles: You can, for instance, you know, present a rat with food and watch the behavior of the rep. You can present a human with food. You can watch the behavior of the human
42:44
Fredy Aviles: We don't need to understand what they're thinking about, we just need to understand their behavior. Fredy Aviles: And because you only need to be they believe you'll need to understand behavior they conducted animal experiments they believe that an animal would work just as well as a as a subject than a human being. So they use rabbits, cats rats. Right. And they, you know,
43:07
Fredy Aviles: They produce certain behaviors in those animals and they reason that the same thing would happen for human beings just like that dog. Learn to salivate to food. I mean, just like that dog. Learn to salivate Fredy Aviles: To a bell because it was associated with food. You can also want to celebrate to a bell because associated with food.
43:24
Fredy Aviles: We're the same way we learn the same way. So they use animals for their experiments they weren't concerned about thinking they just wanted to focus on behavior. Fredy Aviles: And they were there were so called radical behaviors on the radical behaviors are the ones who really believe in this theory. They believe everything is learned right
43:42
Fredy Aviles: Which only studied behavior, everything can be explained through learning it included Watson, which we already talked about Thorne died and Skinner, which we'll talk about later.
43:53
Fredy Aviles: Have my, by the way, was not necessarily a behavioral problems, the one that discovered class conditioning, but it was the Russian physiologist, not sure what he believed about whether he thinks everything was learned I don't not sure but
44:05
Fredy Aviles: The radical behaviors were these three. Okay, there were there were others that are less well known, but these are three that I'll point out
44:14
Fredy Aviles: Um,
44:16
Fredy Aviles: And let's see how we're doing on time.
44:21
Fredy Aviles: Okay, now what we're going to do now is I'm going to stop the lecture here.
44:28
Fredy Aviles: Okay.
44:30
Fredy Aviles: I'm going to go ahead and stop recording
44:34
Fredy Aviles: So we'll talk about the other form of learning and conditioning and social learning and other form of learning next time.
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