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0:03
Fredy Aviles: Okay. Welcome to Psych 101 introductory psychology. Actually, it's called general psychology
0:10
Fredy Aviles: And today we're talking about social psychology, this actually happens to be my area of expertise. Fredy Aviles: But you'll see that it's actually social psychology actually very broad and covers a whole bunch of different topics. And since we only have one lecture to Fredy Aviles: Get through this chapter, it's going to seem a bit disconnected in places like we're going to move really quickly for one topic to another.
0:30
Fredy Aviles: So we're going to talk about these things we're going to talk about social perception. We're going to talk about attribution what that is right. And then we're going to get into integral relations. Fredy Aviles: Right, some very important stuff there that I would really like to talk more about, but because of the holiday of this Wednesday. I'm going to have to cut it a bit short and not say too much not go on my usual
0:50
Fredy Aviles: You know monologue or speech about a lot of this stuff. But I have a lot to say about that stuff. Okay, but I'm gonna have to cut it short and not say too much. Okay, um, Fredy Aviles: And there's other things there multicultural psychology, actually, we're going to talk about that as part of a group relations and then we're going to get into attitudes persuasion conformity obedience altruism, some of those things are more interesting than others.
1:14
Fredy Aviles: But let's just get started. And let's see how it works out.
1:19
Fredy Aviles: Okay, so let's start out by defining social psychology. What is social psychology. This is my own personal definition over here. Fredy Aviles: It's the study of how thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by situations. Okay, social psychology is really well. Fredy Aviles: About how our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that psychology. That's what it's about. But how that is influenced by situation.
1:43
Fredy Aviles: So it's not so much about what goes on internally. Right. It's about our environment or Fredy Aviles: Especially our social environment, how those things impact how we feel and how we think and how we behave. Right. And it has to deal with a whole bunch of different things. So we're going to talk about various subjects here and there and
2:03
Fredy Aviles: Well, I really should spend more time on them, but
2:06
Fredy Aviles: Well, we have less time than I would like. So let's just get to it. Okay, so first we're going to talk about social perception and, well, we're going to talk about attribution.
2:17
Fredy Aviles: attribution is something you guys believe it or not understand. You probably just don't know it by this term attribution but attribution has to do with how we explain Fredy Aviles: The causes of behavior. Some of you might say well I attribute his tardiness to the fact that he's lazy right so what you're really saying it's not how you explain his behavior. The fact that he was late. It's because he's lazy. Okay, that's attribution.
2:43
Fredy Aviles: And we're going to talk about
2:45
Fredy Aviles: The study of attribution and what social psychologists have found when it comes to how we try to explain other people's behavior. Fredy Aviles: So to start off, we need to we need to know about difference between a disposition or attribution in a situation where attribution.
3:00
Fredy Aviles: Is easy to understand the situation attributions a situation attribution. I'll start with I want to start with number two is situation attribution is an external attribution. That's when you explain somebody's behavior based on the situation.
3:13
Fredy Aviles: So if somebody does want to test for instance, why did that happen. Somebody might say, Well, it's because the test was easy. That's why right. Anybody would have done well in that test. So it's a situational thing.
3:28
Fredy Aviles: Or if you slip and fall, let's say, why did that happen if you're going to make a situational retribution. It's because, well, it was the floor is slippery. Fredy Aviles: And that's why the person felt so in other words, it's because of the situation. That's a situational retribution. Fredy Aviles: A disposition or attribution is the opposite disposition or attribution is an internal attribution. When you explain someone's behavior based on something internal something about them.
3:58
Fredy Aviles: So it's based on what we call individual characteristics, something about their attitude.
4:04
Fredy Aviles: Their personality, their ability their motivation, something like that. So let's say someone does well on the test, right. Why did that happen. Fredy Aviles: If you make a disposition or attribution. You might say, Well, it's because the person is smart. That's why it happened. Fredy Aviles: Right, it's something internal something about the person or maybe somebody slips and fall to give you that same example that I that I told you guys about a minute ago.
4:28
Fredy Aviles: If somebody slips and fall if you make a disposition or attribution and internal attribution. Why did that happen, you might say, well, because that person is clumsy.
4:38
Fredy Aviles: So when you make a disposition or attribution, you're basically saying that's the way that person is it's something about them. Fredy Aviles: When you make a situation attribution, you're basically saying that the environment, the situation caused it. Okay, so we need to know the difference between these two before we explain what the research says about attribution.
4:58
Fredy Aviles: So here's the thing, here's what research says about attribution. One thing research says is that we tend to commit what's called the actor observer effect. Fredy Aviles: Or fall prey to what's called the actor observer effect, we have a tendency to explain our behavior in situational terms and that of others in this positional terms.
5:17
Fredy Aviles: So we basically when something happens to us. We're full of excuses, we say it's the situation. So if you fail the exam. You say, Well, it's because I was sick. Fredy Aviles: Or I had too much to do, or whatever it is, right, you make excuses. Right. You make a situational, attribution. But when it's somebody else's Fredy Aviles: When it's somebody else's behavior, you're more likely to say that it's something about them. It's something disposition
5:44
Fredy Aviles: If somebody failed somebody else fails, the exam, you're more likely to think that somehow they're lazy, they're motivated. They're dumb. They're not very bright right that's what you say about other people, but when it comes to you right when it comes to ourselves. We're full of excuses.
6:00
Fredy Aviles: That's the actor observer effect we're full of excuses when it comes to ourselves. Other people we don't make excuses for them. Why would we Fredy Aviles: Write. We don't need to do that. It doesn't help us right so we're more likely to say, yeah, they're to blame. It's that you know they're they're the cause of their own behavior. Fredy Aviles: That's the actor observer effects called the actor observer effect because if we're the actor right if we do something
6:23
Fredy Aviles: We explain it one way, if we're the observer and it's somebody else's doing something we explained it a different way. Fredy Aviles: When it comes to ourselves. We're full of excuses, we say it's a situation when it comes to other people, we say it's them right Fredy Aviles: That's the actor observer effect. Let's keep going.
6:40
Fredy Aviles: And by the way, this is doesn't sound so complicated, but we're going to go through several of these. And after a while, it's going to be easy for you to confuse them. So if you really understand these, you should be able to come up with your own examples.
6:51
Fredy Aviles: There's also the fundamental attribution error another error that we tend to make. It's also called the correspondence bias. It has two different names. Okay, this is when we make an internal attribution. Fredy Aviles: For people's behavior, despite evidence of situational factors. So this is when something happens to someone, or they do something
7:10
Fredy Aviles: And we say it's because of them. It's something internal even when there's evidence that the situation actually is the cause of the behavior. Fredy Aviles: We still tend to ignore the situation now this example is a little bit difficult to understand, but I'll explain it. Okay, celebrities endorsing products, somebody some celebrity endorsers a product, let's say some athletes is endorsing Nike or something like that.
7:38
Fredy Aviles: Why are they doing it. We know why they're doing. We know they get paid for that lots of money they can pay to say, yeah, this is an awesome shoe and I wear Nike right
7:51
Fredy Aviles: That's why they do it we're aware of that.
7:54
Fredy Aviles: So why do we still assume that they liked the product. Why do we assume that it's something internal and you know how we how I know that we think it's internal we think it's something about them, we think they really liked the product. And that's why they're endorsing it
8:08
Fredy Aviles: Because when a celebrity comes out and endorses certain product that product sells a lot more
8:16
Fredy Aviles: Some celebrity endorsers Nike. Oh, they must like Nike. I like the celebrity. So, therefore I'm going to buy Nike because he likes them like, no, not necessarily isn't necessarily like Nike getting paid to say that Fredy Aviles: Right, so this is when we make an internal attribution, we say it's something about the person when in reality it's the situation.
8:35
Fredy Aviles: We ignore the situation. Notice this is part of the actor observer effect, the actor observer effect says we make internal attributions for other people's behavior.
8:45
Fredy Aviles: And we make external attributions for our own. So it's only like half of that one. But this one adds that even when the situation is a readily available, we can see the situation we're aware of it. We still tend to ignore it. Fredy Aviles: Another example would be, lets say you go to a restaurant. Let's just say you went to a restaurant right and it happens to be a holiday like It's Mother's Day or something like that.
9:11
Fredy Aviles: And you managed to get a table after waiting for a while, right, you managed to get a table.
9:16
Fredy Aviles: And there you are waiting right you've ordered and you're waiting and you're waiting for your food and you start getting that
9:23
Fredy Aviles: Right. And what do you do you blame the person who is supposed to be bringing your food. What the hell's wrong with this waiter, but this waitress, why the hell is it taking so long. Right. You start getting mad.
9:33
Fredy Aviles: So in other words, you start making an internal attribution in your mind. You are blaming that person. That's something about them. Fredy Aviles: That they're don't are not working hard enough, right, that they don't care enough about you, that kind of stuff. And yet you know it's Mother's Day. You know, it's crowded. You know, there's a lot of people Fredy Aviles: And you still tend to ignore that and still get mad about the fact that they're taking too long. Still you blame them.
9:58
Fredy Aviles: That's the fundamental attribution error. Like I said, if you can come up with your own example that means you understand it. Right. Fredy Aviles: Do that because after a while. These are all going to sound the same. Here's another one. The ultimate attribution error. This is another bias. Another area that we tend to make that the tendency to make internal attributions about a whole group of people
10:18
Fredy Aviles: About whole group of people. Okay, so this is when we say that when we see somebody do something and instead of saying it's something about the person we say it's something about that person's entire group that's just how they are
10:31
Fredy Aviles: So let's say john got in a fight. Right. Why did john get into a fight.
10:37
Fredy Aviles: Someone might say, Well, it's because men are aggressive. That's the way men are, they're always causing trouble, they're aggressive. That's the ultimate attribution error. It's like using a stereotype to explain the person's behavior.
10:50
Fredy Aviles: And it happens a lot.
10:52
Fredy Aviles: You know, it's a it's an error, a tendency that people have right when they see someone, particularly when it's someone who's different than them a different ethnicity, a different sex a different type of person. Fredy Aviles: Sometimes when they see something happening to that person, or they see them doing something they say I that's just the way those people are right.
11:11
Fredy Aviles: Those people are too emotional or they're aggressive or they're all criminals or something like that. That's the ultimate attribute attribution error, you're using a stereotype to explain somebody's behavior.
11:25
Fredy Aviles: But it's an error. It's a tendency that we have right I mean just, you know, Fredy Aviles: Some years ago, I remember talking to my brother married, but the you know about middle talking about our relationship with my wife, my wife, you know, Fredy Aviles: You know likes to argue with me a lot, you know, he said. I said don't worry about it. That's a way all women are, they're all crazy. That's what he said. Right, that's using a stereotype to justify right
11:49
Fredy Aviles: Or to explain what is happening. Just like you say, oh, well, MEN ARE MEN ARE ALL aggressive right or women, they're all too emotional right that's, that kind of thing. I'm not saying it's right. But we have a tendency to do that. Fredy Aviles: To simplify the explanation and say that's just the way those people are especially when they're not us when they're not like us when we see them as different people.
12:10
Fredy Aviles: And will eventually get to talk about talking about different groups and prejudice and stereotyping and things like that. But this is something separate
12:17
Fredy Aviles: There's also the self serving bias which is also called defensive attribution. This is when you use an attribution to maximize credit for success and minimize blame for failure. Fredy Aviles: So let me explain that the self serving bias as when you basically when something good happens to you, you want to take credit for it. So you say it's internal when something bad happens to you, you want to basically make excuses. And then you say it's external it's situation.
12:47
Fredy Aviles: So when you get a good grade, let's say in a class. You say, Well, it's because you're intelligent right because you're awesome. Right. Fredy Aviles: But when you get a bad grade you say it's because you know the test was unfair. The instructors too hard. The instructor can't teach. He doesn't like me. Fredy Aviles: Right, we're full of excuses when things go wrong, but when things go right we take credit for it. That's called a self serving bias or the defensive attribution.
13:14
Fredy Aviles: So when something good happens, we want to make a disposition or attribution. We want to get credit for it, right, we're gonna say its internal but when something bad happens.
13:23
Fredy Aviles: We want to say that it's a, you know, that, that, that it's the situation.
13:28
Fredy Aviles: Let me give you another example just to make it more current, but I'm not going to mention anybody's name. Let's say you you lose an election. Why did it happen, it's because they cheat it right because it's a fraud. It's all this stuff right
13:44
Fredy Aviles: So that you get the blame. Right. But if you win the election. Oh, it's because you're awesome. In the people love you and you're going to do great things. That's why. Right. You see how that works.
13:54
Fredy Aviles: That's the self serving bias and we all do it.
13:59
Fredy Aviles: Some of us more than others, but we all do it when something good happens, we want to say it's because of us when something bad happens, we want to blame others or blame the situation. Fredy Aviles: Why do we do this, I haven't brought that up a. Why do we do this all these things because they help us feel good about ourselves, right.
14:15
Fredy Aviles: If we can say that we're good. Right. And we do the right thing. And when something bad happens. It's not my fault. It's because of the situation right that that makes you Fredy Aviles: Feel better about yourself. That's why we do this, it helps protect our self esteem protect our opinion of ourselves.
14:35
Fredy Aviles: Another thing that's do with attribution is self handicapping. This is actually a bad thing that people do. This is when you intentionally put yourself at a disadvantage to provide an excuse for failure.
14:46
Fredy Aviles: You essentially put yourself in this manage. So let's say there's a test coming up and you don't expect to dwell on it. Okay, so what do you do, you don't study you procrastinate. And then you take the test and you fail.
14:59
Fredy Aviles: You made it harder for yourself on purpose. You didn't have to you self handicap. But now that you fail the test. Now you can say, well, you know, it's not that I'm dumb. Right. It's not internal right it's not disposition. Oh, it's because the situation is because I didn't study
15:17
Fredy Aviles: That's why that's because I procrastinated. So in other words, you can make an excuse. Now, and continue to believe that you are smart, you know, Fredy Aviles: It was really the situation, but it's self handicapping because you did it to yourself. Whenever you procrastinate. Whenever you take drugs. Okay. Whenever you don't follow directions. Whenever you don't ask for help.
15:43
Fredy Aviles: Whenever you don't study all that is self handicapping
15:48
Fredy Aviles: We all do it at some point. Right. But it happens a lot, students do it a lot. I know most of you guys procrastinating when it comes to writing your paper. Some of you didn't write it at all.
16:02
Fredy Aviles: It doesn't have to be that hard, the class doesn't have to be hard at all. If you just do what you're supposed to do. Fredy Aviles: Right. But we self handicap. We make it harder for ourselves that it needs to be. But then when the bad things happen. We have excuses. Right. That's how it helps us feel better about ourselves.
16:22
Fredy Aviles: Let's keep going. Now let's talk about inner group relations right now. This is something of a more of a touchy subject right different groups of people whether whether we're talking about males and females, we're talking about black white Asian Latino
16:36
Fredy Aviles: You know, people are mixed the third. That's what the kinds of race, things like that. If missed it. We're going to talk about that stuff. And this tends to get a little bit touchy right Fredy Aviles: It tends to kind of upset some people but because of lack of time. I'm not going to give this, the amount of time otherwise would. I mean, the attention that it deserves. Okay.
16:57
Fredy Aviles: But I'm going to say some things about this. Okay.
17:00
Fredy Aviles: So before we get into this, we need to know the difference between an in group and an album. See the in group is the group that you belong to. Right. You're in group you're in that group and an example, your racial group right
17:14
Fredy Aviles: If you're black. The group is black. If you're white. The group is white. Okay, if you like, you know, the enterprise team, right, or if you're male. The group is male.
17:23
Fredy Aviles: If you are Christian, the group is Christian Right. That's the in group that's the group you belong to and we belong to multiple groups. Okay. And then the our group is the group that you don't belong to. That's the group that other people belong to. It could be another racial group.
17:38
Fredy Aviles: Okay, so if you're right. The our group is black people Latinos everybody else if you're Christian the group as those other people who are not Christian. Maybe Muslims Fredy Aviles: Maybe Jewish people see how that works, right, if you're male, then the our group is female. That's the point in groups and out groups right we all belong to groups, whether we want to or not.
18:01
Fredy Aviles: Some of them are real group, some of them artificial. We'll talk about that. Okay, I'll mentioned that Fredy Aviles: Actually I don't know to what extent because I do have to cut it a bit short. So let's talk about these in a group relations, right, I'm going to mention these things kind of quickly.
18:14
Fredy Aviles: But we think we understand what these are just need to remind you guys what these things are. We all know what a stereotype is a stereotype is a generalized belief about a whole group of people. It's a generalization about people.
18:29
Fredy Aviles: Like
18:30
Fredy Aviles: You know stereotypes are very common when you you know like when you watch TV or you watch movies, right, like this movie right here. How to Be a Latin lover, right, notice how stereotypical. That is right.
18:43
Fredy Aviles: Um, there's this stereotype that Latino people are basically, you know, very hardy people, but you know what Fredy Aviles: One group of people isn't we all have sexual desires, but it's not movie. At first, I kind of refuse to see it. Like, I'm not gonna watch them. Look at that. It's just looks ridiculous right there. Stereotyping us
19:02
Fredy Aviles: And the movies about this guy basically who
19:05
Fredy Aviles: Doesn't want to work that hard. He wants to marry a rich older white woman so that he doesn't have to work. Fredy Aviles: That's what the movie is about, but it's actually very funny. And I looked at it and I saw it. It's actually a very funny movie but
19:19
Fredy Aviles: Stereotypical right and we see a lot of that in the movies, if you've noticed right when you see Latinos in the movies were portrayed as, you know, as, as the gardener, right, the construction worker or, you know, people who do those kinds of jobs right
19:33
Fredy Aviles: Um, that's what you see now that is changing a little bit where we started to see things on TV that are less stereotypical Fredy Aviles: Right now you're starting to see on TV. Now you're seeing, you know, when there's a doctor. Now it's also a black doctor, it's not always a white doctor, you're going to see black people as doctors
19:47
Fredy Aviles: You're starting to see Latino people and other people also as leaders and things like that. Right, not always, you know, following the stereotype that is kind of changing, and that's a good thing. But there are Fredy Aviles: stereotypes and they're still prevailing in our society. It's just when you think that a certain group of people. Is this way, you know, and there's POSITIVE STEREOTYPES and there's also negative ones. Okay.
20:08
Fredy Aviles: And there's neutral ones like a neutral stereotype quality knows is that Latinos like spicy food. Okay, that's neutral. Yeah. I like spicy food. My Latinos do right we love that, you know, the jalapenos in the south side, all that stuff. A lot of us do. Right, but not all of us, but it's a stereotype.
20:25
Fredy Aviles: And some of them are good. Like I said, some of them are really bad and inaccurate and some of them are can be positive as well. Okay.
20:34
Fredy Aviles: And I'm not going to get into stereotypes about different people. I don't really want to upset people I'm sharing some about my own group, just to be fair, okay to define that for you guys so stereotype really has to do with the thinking okay Fredy Aviles: The belief and then there's prejudice prejudice has to do with the feeling. Here's the thing about prejudice. It could be both a positive or a negative feeling
20:53
Fredy Aviles: That that directed at a group of people. It doesn't always have to be negative. But prejudice. Yes, fearing certain people disliking certain people. Yeah, that's a prejudice. Fredy Aviles: But it's also a prejudice to, like, for instance, your group more than that group. A lot of people say, well, it's not that I like. Not that I dislike those people I just prefer my own kind. Right.
21:13
Fredy Aviles: That's also prejudice. And you know what, here's the thing about prejudice. We are all prejudice, all of us, we're all more comfortable around people who are like us, then people who are different.
21:24
Fredy Aviles: Okay. It's just the way it is, guess what, rich people are prejudiced. They fear poor people, they think we're going to rob them, they think we're gonna stab them kill them and take their money.
21:37
Fredy Aviles: And we fear them to. We think that they're going to mistreat us
21:41
Fredy Aviles: You know, and oppress us and things like that.
21:45
Fredy Aviles: But even among your own group, there is prejudice.
21:49
Fredy Aviles: How many times have you been, let's say,
21:53
Fredy Aviles: You know, to, let's say, Mexico or somebody or some other country your own people. Let's say you're visiting and you're afraid of the people on the street, the P or you don't want to buy things from the street vendors, because you see them as different right
22:09
Fredy Aviles: And you feel differently about them. That's the type of projects. We are all prejudice, even to our own people.
22:15
Fredy Aviles: No one is that is non prejudice. We are all prejudice.
22:19
Fredy Aviles: But sometimes it can be a bit more negative than other times, hating certain people dislike, you know, Xena phobia, which is fear of foreigners. Fredy Aviles: That's particularly bad, but if we just talk about who we're comfortable with. Right. That's the type of prejudice to Fredy Aviles: When a homeless person walks your way. Right. And you know that they're going to ask you for something
22:41
Fredy Aviles: Right. And you're uncomfortable with that and you cross the street. Instead, that's the type of projects. Fredy Aviles: Okay, we're all prejudice in some way or another. Okay. Nobody's perfect. Fredy Aviles: Now discrimination. So print so stereotype is the belief prejudice is the feeling discrimination is the behavior, the discrimination part is the really bad part
23:02
Fredy Aviles: The one that really causes the problems because you can believe whatever you want, you can feel however you want. But when you start treating people differently based on what group they belong to. That's where it becomes a real problem. Fredy Aviles: Okay, they're all these other ones are problems too, but this one is a bigger problem okay unequal treatment of groups when it's based on race. It's called racism.
23:24
Fredy Aviles: Okay. Um, if it's just based on something else. If it's based on sex is called sexism. If it's based on age where you treat people who are older differently. That's called ageism Fredy Aviles: Okay, there's many different ism, so to speak, discrimination comes in many forms. It doesn't have to be about race but raises a particular thing that really gets a lot of people
23:45
Fredy Aviles: Very upset. Okay and here's the thing about racism, um, it's often concealed covert or institutionalized. Let me explain that. There are plenty of people out there. Fredy Aviles: Who believe that there is no more racism that it's a problem that we fixed already that it doesn't exist anymore.
24:02
Fredy Aviles: There's a lot of people like that, by the way, and I'm talking about this country, whether the US, right. A lot of people believe that the racism is not a problem anymore that these people are just making stuff up. Fredy Aviles: Here's the thing, you often don't see it. Okay, but don't know about it because it is concealed it is not out in the open. It's not like it used to be.
24:20
Fredy Aviles: Where people openly discriminated against each other. It still happens, but it's not so much on the opening words can see on covert means it's hidden its institutionalized that last word institutionalized, that is a reason why you don't often see it.
24:34
Fredy Aviles: racism still exists, it is ramping it is everywhere in our society.
24:39
Fredy Aviles: But a lot of people refuse to acknowledge it, because it's not out in the open, but it is there. Its institutionalized.
24:46
Fredy Aviles: And if if one of you may ask, well, what kind of what what raise them. Are you talking about what is this institutionalized racism, you're talking about where these differences that you're talking about. Here's the thing. Okay. In what sense is it better for one group than another.
25:01
Fredy Aviles: But we talked about racism, a lot and you know lately and stuff. And it's, it's been in the news a lot but Fredy Aviles: In what sense is there is there races or what do you mean by institutionalized. Well here's the thing, it's everywhere, it's part of our political system. Fredy Aviles: Right you know damn well that rich white men are have it much easier to get elected into office than it is for black people than it is for poor people there is for women.
25:25
Fredy Aviles: Right. All you have to do is just look at the, look at the pattern look at who's been elected office. Look at who hasn't looked at throughout the history there hasn't been a single woman. Fredy Aviles: It's part of our political system there's been one Black Men, by the way. Right. And it was about time, but it's still odds are against you if you don't fit the
25:44
Fredy Aviles: The traditional role. The original model for that. Right. It's part of our healthcare system. It's part of educational system. It's part of our economic system. Fredy Aviles: Right, it's everywhere absolutely everywhere. Every single institution of our society is racist. That's how bad it is. And you should know that by now. Fredy Aviles: You should be aware of that with everything that's been going on. It is everywhere.
26:12
Fredy Aviles: And it's built into our society. That's why people don't see it, but all you have to do is just look at the differences for some groups versus others look at those advantages that some people have over others. It is absolutely everywhere. Fredy Aviles: Now you can't name one thing where there is an institutionalized discrimination can talk about healthcare, you can talk about jobs you can talk about politics and talk about education absolutely everything
26:39
Fredy Aviles: Okay, everything you can talk about, you know, CEOs. Fredy Aviles: You can talk about income you can talk about everything. It's absolutely everywhere. It's just the way our society is built and it needs to, kind of, we need to recognize these things so that we can change them.
26:55
Fredy Aviles: Okay, that's what it is, but I can go on and on about that, but I don't really have the time. Okay. But let's talk about this, let's talk about why this comes about. Why is the stereotyping. Why is their prejudice. Why is there discrimination.
27:08
Fredy Aviles: Why does it exist. It's one thing to know that exists. Right. So at least acknowledge it. Fredy Aviles: And some people, by the way, don't want to acknowledge it. But one thing is to acknowledge it. But why does it exist at all. Fredy Aviles: There are some theories that try to explain that there are various theories. I'm only going to cover a to a few I feel okay so i guess two of them.
27:24
Fredy Aviles: One of them is realistic conflict theory. It basically says that stereotyping prejudice, discrimination is caused by competition over scarce resources. Fredy Aviles: In other words, we are fighting over jobs right there's only so many jobs and so many good jobs and not everyone can have a good job. And that means that some people are going to lose out.
27:44
Fredy Aviles: And guess who that's going to be, it's going to be those with less power. It's going to be those that are in the minority, it's going to be certain people that are going to lose out over others.
27:53
Fredy Aviles: There's only so many good neighbors. We can all live in good neighborhoods. Right. We can all have the good paying jobs schools right there's good schools and there's some schools that are not so good. Right. Well, guess what some of you are going to have to go to some of those other schools.
28:08
Fredy Aviles: Politics, right, you're like certain leaders. Some people are going to get elected. Some people are not Fredy Aviles: This basically says that we're fighting over real things were fighting over money we're fighting overland we're fighting over power. We're fighting over Fredy Aviles: Influence over lots of things. There's real things that were fighting about. That's what it says. And that's why we stereotype each other. We say that other people are not as good.
28:27
Fredy Aviles: You know, not as we are right that they're this way or that way we stereotype and were prejudiced we'd like them less Fredy Aviles: Prefer our group, right, and therefore treat them differently. That's discrimination part Fredy Aviles: Social identity theories and other theory that says that this stereotyping prejudice, discrimination.
28:44
Fredy Aviles: Is due to something else. It's due to identity says the stereotyping prejudice, discrimination is caused by the need to have a positive identity of oneself and the group to which one belongs
28:57
Fredy Aviles: That's what it says so. It says that all you need to have stereotyping prejudice, discrimination. All you need is for people to think of themselves as different groups.
29:06
Fredy Aviles: Right to think about what it means to be black versus white versus Latino right bringing those things up. Right. Those things right. Fredy Aviles: Wanting to think well of your groups means that you are that you want to see yourself as positive right as as a worthy group. Fredy Aviles: And what happens is that it comes at the expense of others that your group is better than that group that's identity, you're more worthy your group is smarter, better or whatever it is.
29:33
Fredy Aviles: That's, that's about identity. It doesn't even have to go. It doesn't have to even be about anything real right if you just think about Democrats and Republicans. Those are two artificial groups now they do believe different things, but they're two groups that have been created.
29:49
Fredy Aviles: And enough in creating those differences enough for them to stereotype each other to hate each other and to treat each other differently.
29:59
Fredy Aviles: You know, any group right social identity says that we need to feel good about our groups. And when we do that. It basically comes at the expense of other groups.
30:07
Fredy Aviles: If you think about what you've been hearing out there. You remember the thing, something that's been in the news lately. A lot about this whole thing about nationalism white nationalism. Fredy Aviles: That certain people are are basically promoting right. What is that it's that's just the need to feel good about being white and who you are and it doesn't sound that bad. The problem is that it leads to stereotyping prejudice, discrimination for the other groups.
30:34
Fredy Aviles: Right, just feeling good about our identities, or whatever it is.
30:39
Fredy Aviles: The KKK. It's all about identity.
30:42
Fredy Aviles: Right. Or, you know, the thing about Hitler. Right. What is it that drove Hitler to one a murder roles. Bunch of people. It was social identity. Fredy Aviles: Talking about the area and race and how certain people are better than others. And these people deserve to be exterminated. Right. It's a very dangerous thing to be promoting, you know, social identity at the expense of other groups.
31:07
Fredy Aviles: It's, um, but it's according to research, it's one thing that drives these problems right just this issue about identity thinking of ourselves as being different people belonging to different groups.
31:19
Fredy Aviles: It's a very bad thing. Okay. And we'll, I'll talk about that more in a moment right now. Okay, now how do we fix some of these problems. Fredy Aviles: And I do want to point out that not everyone agrees with this. Okay, but we should emphasize multiculturalism. They, the idea that we should give equal status recognition and acceptance to different ethnic and cultural groups.
31:43
Fredy Aviles: equal status, right. We're all worthy. We're all good. Right. No one is better than anybody else. It doesn't matter if you have more money. Fredy Aviles: Or you think your group is smarter or you think that your group is different. It doesn't matter, we're all equal. And we deserve to be treated equally. We all deserve equal status recognition and acceptance. Right. And we need to accept.
32:07
Fredy Aviles: ourselves and others as well. Emphasize that and a very good example of that is the Olympics. Right. Fredy Aviles: Here's the US Olympic team. I don't know from what you listen Fredy Aviles: I think Michael Phelps. Is there throw some years back. Right. But if you look at the US Olympic team right it's made up of a bunch of difficult. It's not just white people.
32:25
Fredy Aviles: Black people there's Asian people and there's Latina, and there's all kinds of people. Okay. And who kicks ass at the Olympics, the US and you know why that is. It's because of our diversity.
32:35
Fredy Aviles: It's because of that because we have the best of everyone, it seems
32:40
Fredy Aviles: We're very, you know, very good team there. Think about the military. Right.
32:46
Fredy Aviles: Think about our think about our music our art our culture, right, all these different groups coming together to make our life better right to make our life more interesting. Think about the different kinds of food you can eat.
33:00
Fredy Aviles: Think about the music, especially right
33:04
Fredy Aviles: Diversity multiculturalism is a strength. It's not a bad thing. But by the way, not everybody agrees with this I will tell you that there are those of there are those people who believe that know that this nation should only be for white people.
33:18
Fredy Aviles: Not for those other people. Right. That's a very bad thing to believe in. No, it's no you know what diversity is a good thing. It makes us stronger makes us better makes us more interesting. It makes us more powerful. It really does.
33:32
Fredy Aviles: But there are those who reject this and say that this doesn't work. They say that no we that we need to believe in this, this and this and we all need to be this way. Fredy Aviles: baloney. Okay. Bullshit. We don't all have to be the same. We're all worthy and we all deserve equality. We all deserve to be treated better and those who don't believe in that are backward and behind the times. Okay. The tide is against them.
33:58
Fredy Aviles: But something want to accept this, but yes. Diversity is a wonderful thing. It's a beautiful thing and it makes us stronger. It makes us better doesn't make us worse.
34:07
Fredy Aviles: More about this some other terms you, I want you guys to know and I should probably move a little bit faster because these are you know very emotional topics and I could really Fredy Aviles: go too far and talking about this and then I run a time okay but I have one lecture only okay cultural relativity is the idea that the behavior must be judged relative to the values of the culture in which it occurs.
34:26
Fredy Aviles: There's a typo there is called right I kind of like that shouldn't be there but coach relatively you know what yeah behavior. It can differ, different cultures, different types of people. Okay.
34:39
Fredy Aviles: I'll give you an example. In some cultures, it's acceptable for men, for instance, when they greet each other to give each other a kiss on the mouth.
34:47
Fredy Aviles: Some cultures kiss each other right when they greet each other.
34:51
Fredy Aviles: In the US, people don't do that here right kissing each other in the mouth. Two men. Right. They say that that is homosexuality Fredy Aviles: Right. No, it's not right. You have to judge the behavior relative to, and I'm not saying homosexuality is backed by the way you have to judge the behavior relative to the culture. Okay.
35:08
Fredy Aviles: All kinds of things. When it comes to driving in some groups right they believe in a certain driving right that you have to make room. Fredy Aviles: Right, you have to get your nose. The nose of the car in there and make room so you can merge where other groups just believe like okay wait until there's a space, right. Fredy Aviles: But you have to judge the behavior relative to the culture.
35:29
Fredy Aviles: Okay, some culture see certain behaviors that are acceptable. They're seen as not acceptable, but you have to know that these cultures differ and that they judge behavior differently. Fredy Aviles: acculturation something else you need to know about. That's when you adopt the behavior practice attitudes, values, customs and beliefs of another ethnic group. It happens you know
35:50
Fredy Aviles: Doesn't matter where you are, you know, people come to the US and they readily adopt these behavior practices, whether it's throwing Halloween. Fredy Aviles: Or Thanksgiving and I bring those things up because you know what they don't celebrate Halloween Thanksgiving in other countries. It's a
36:03
Fredy Aviles: Totally different holidays over there. Okay, or dressing in jeans or listening to the music all that is part of acculturation it happens. It's not necessarily bad. But it's bad when it's forced Fredy Aviles: When you're forced to acculturate forced to look a certain way for us to believe certain things that is bad, like what happened to the Native Americans in the past.
36:21
Fredy Aviles: When they were forced to cut their hair and change how they dress and change their beliefs to fit into American society that was very bad.
36:30
Fredy Aviles: Okay acculturation should be something that happens on its own. If people want to acculturate right it's not necessarily a bad thing, but it should not be forced upon people
36:40
Fredy Aviles: Like I said, diversity is a good thing, not a bad thing. Okay. It makes our society more interesting Richard stronger. Fredy Aviles: Let's keep going. Let's talk about some things that tell us about why culture is different. Why do some cultures differ. Fredy Aviles: Here's a way that you can think about cultures that helps you explain the differences among cultures. Some cultures are more individualistic and some are more collectivist
37:02
Fredy Aviles: More collectives individualistic cultures socialized their members to think of themselves as individuals give priority to their own personal goals. Fredy Aviles: An individualistic culture. The best example of individualistic culture is the US we're taught here to think of ourselves as individual individual rights, freedoms and responsibilities.
37:21
Fredy Aviles: Right, that's what you're taught here if you do something wrong, you get punished. Fredy Aviles: If you succeed, you'll get the credit, it's because of you, right, because you worked hard. That's an individualistic culture. Fredy Aviles: But there's other cultures that are more collectivist they socialize their members to think of themselves more as members of a larger group.
37:40
Fredy Aviles: To place the group's concerns above their own. So when you succeed if you're part of a collectivist culture when you succeed, you can't give credit to yourself. You can say it's because I'm me me me they'll hate you. Fredy Aviles: You have to say it's because of my family. It's because of you guys that supported me right
37:58
Fredy Aviles: If you're Latino and you've succeeded. You know, you've had to give that speech, right, you have to give credit to other people. Right. Place the group's concerns above their own right. It's we. It's not me, it's we that matters. And you know what other countries, Latin America.
38:14
Fredy Aviles: China, Japan, Asian countries Latin American countries.
38:20
Fredy Aviles: Basically, uh, you know,
38:23
Fredy Aviles: The outside of the US and and Europe and Australia everybody else's more collectors in the US also used to be more collective is we used to be more group oriented. Fredy Aviles: More family oriented more about. We then about me. Okay, but some cultures are more collective is in and explain some of the difference that you see sometimes among people Fredy Aviles: Why Latinos like to have more parties, for instance, and more people over because they're more collectivist
38:50
Fredy Aviles: Right for the group still has more influence were more group oriented. Fredy Aviles: Okay. The US is more individualistic. I'm not saying that he knows can be individualistic, because it's part of acculturation we become that way as we, you know, Fredy Aviles: Basically take part in this culture. We also become more individualistic okay but
39:08
Fredy Aviles: It's something that helps explain a lot of differences among different ethnic groups, different cultural groups, right, and why they behave the way they do. Fredy Aviles: But let's keep going. I want to talk about something else, a very important point on the issue of ethnicity versus race.
39:23
Fredy Aviles: Here's the thing, ethnicity is something that is more valid to talk about is missing. He refers to your country of origin, your ancestry nationality right ethnicity has to do with identity feelings attitudes, with respect to one group one, group.
39:37
Fredy Aviles: Okay race. On the other hand, has to do with your phenotype or your physical characteristics physical traits race is nothing but your physical appearance and race. It says there is socially constructed Fredy Aviles: Race is fake. That's what that means it is something that was created to distinguish among people to differentiate it is something that was created during colonial times
40:01
Fredy Aviles: When the European countries were colonizing this country and this continent and they say, okay, where this. You guys are that that's where it started. Okay. And it's actually fake it is made to distinguish among people and scientifically is actually meaningless.
40:18
Fredy Aviles: Ethnicity. On the other hand, has to do with your identity and your customs and beliefs and things like that. And about where your ancestors come from that is a bit more Fredy Aviles: That a bit more realistic. Okay. And that's a bit more acceptable to talk about these two people here I'm showing you the spec. This was a very popular group in the 80s Hall and Oates.
40:37
Fredy Aviles: Guess what those two right if you want to talk about race, those two are exactly the same race. They have the same race, believe it or not. And that really throws a lot of people often say what they're the same race, but I said no I thought
40:52
Fredy Aviles: That guys clearly white. The guy on the left, but that other guy know that guy is a brother isn't a black. Right. No he's not. He's also white, believe it or not, these to have the same race, but they have a different ethnicity.
41:05
Fredy Aviles: Ethnicity is something that is more real that matters more than race. Race is very inconsistent and the definition of race, by the way, keeps changing what used to be considered White was very different 100 years ago than it is today.
41:21
Fredy Aviles: In the past, why did not include Italians, it did not include a Jewish people.
41:29
Fredy Aviles: It did not include a whole bunch of people I've only included basically the Northern Europeans.
41:37
Fredy Aviles: Of course, now it's changed because races actually SOMETHING THAT'S PHONY. It's made up right but you can see how ridiculous it is when you look at this picture, these two people are the same race, but they have different ethnicity.
41:51
Fredy Aviles: Race doesn't even exist. It is fake. It is not real. We shouldn't even be talking about it. Fredy Aviles: And when we talk about it. We just get each other, mad, and we were creating distinctions where they don't exist. I'm not saying that people aren't different they are different that people can differ, but they differ by ethnicity not race. Race is fake. Okay, it's made up.
42:13
Fredy Aviles: All right, that's all I'm gonna say about that because I even, even though I try not to do it too much. I still was renting a little bit about that. But I would say a lot more if we had the time right that are usually devote to this.
42:24
Fredy Aviles: Let's talk about something else that's not as a touching on a sensitive like talk about attitudes. Okay, social psychology has includes the study of many different things. So attitudes. Once an attitude, an attitude is a stable belief or opinion about a particular thing or person.
42:41
Fredy Aviles: Okay, it's something you you know it's it's a belief or opinion and attitude implies that you feel a certain way about some implies evaluation, you think something is good or bad, right or wrong. That's an attitude. Fredy Aviles: It could be something as simple as I like ice cream. That's an attitude or or it could be something as a Fredy Aviles: as complex as you know your belief about abortion, whether you believe in freedom of choice.
43:08
Fredy Aviles: Or your pro life, whatever you want to call it. People call it different things, but it means you feel a certain way about that thing. Fredy Aviles: Okay, and people view these things differently in different ways, but it doesn't have to be. Fredy Aviles: Necessarily that complex. It just means you have a certain belief about something. And we're not going to get into those touchy things anymore.
43:25
Fredy Aviles: It's more about other things now. Okay. Now what I want you to know about attitudes, is I want you to know about certain a certain theory called cognitive dissonance. Fredy Aviles: Proposed by messenger. And by the way, I'm not giving you citations anymore. Okay.
43:39
Fredy Aviles: The paper thing it's done a great at that. So I'm not giving you the examples I'm not saying everything anymore. And I'll be giving you references. Okay, so I'm just going to mention things now without citing them. Okay.
43:52
Fredy Aviles: So cognitive dissonance that theory was proposed by fest injure okay and the theory says that you know that there are unpleasant feelings that are experienced when you hold contradictory thoughts or attitudes.
44:05
Fredy Aviles: So when you have you can have two attitudes or two thoughts that don't match, if you're aware of them. You can feel unpleasant. Fredy Aviles: Or your behavior doesn't match your attitude. If you're aware of that, it can make you feel unpleasant. Fredy Aviles: Here's some examples. Right. You think you're a smart person when you consider yourself smart but you fail the class.
44:22
Fredy Aviles: Those two things are inconsistent. On the one hand, you have your thinking, okay, I'm smart. And on the other hand you're thinking I failed the class right guess how you feel you feel this uncomfortable feeling this unpleasant feeling that's called cognitive dissonance.
44:36
Fredy Aviles: I'm going to make you guys experienced some cognitive dissonance right now when I bring up this next one. Fredy Aviles: You care about your health, right, you care about your health. You want to live a long time. Right, right. But you smoke. Some of you smoke. Fredy Aviles: And whenever somebody brings that up. You don't feel very good. Do you write you care about your health, but you smoke. Those two things are inconsistent smoking will shorten your life.
45:00
Fredy Aviles: Okay. And whenever you're made aware of that, whenever you've made aware of the fact that you smoke and that you also care about your health, you don't like it, you feel uncomfortable.
45:10
Fredy Aviles: Okay, here's another one. Even more cognitive dissonance. You love your spouse, but he or she cheated on you right you love them but they cheated on you. You feel awful. That uncomfortable feeling right. Those two things are inconsistent.
45:26
Fredy Aviles: By the way, I just want to point out, we all have in consistencies in our lives. Sometimes we're not aware of them and that's why we don't feel bad about them, or we don't feel unpleasant. A lot of people smoking. Don't feel bad about it. Why, because they're not thinking about their health.
45:40
Fredy Aviles: Because they ignore that part. If it doesn't come to mind. And nobody tells them about it didn't really feel bad. It has to be a salient. That means you have to be thinking about it for it to affect you.
45:52
Fredy Aviles: But maybe you're not aware of the inconsistency in your life.
45:57
Fredy Aviles: Whatever it is, but we all experienced cognitive dissonance. This morning, you probably heard the alarm clock and you probably had that thought. I have to get up. Fredy Aviles: But you also had another thought. I don't want to get up. I don't want to go to class. How did you feel you felt awful. Didn't you
46:15
Fredy Aviles: Right, that's cognitive dissonance that mismatch between one thought and another or between what you're thinking. And what you have to do. We can do it. Your thinking and your behavior that's called cognitive dissonance and it's important Fredy Aviles: Right. But we don't have time to talk about all the different ways in which it's important. I'm just mentioning it because now we're going to talk about something a little bit more interesting something called persuasion.
46:36
Fredy Aviles: Persuasion right there's two ways you can be persuaded, there is the central route to persuasion, where you carefully evaluate the information you carefully think about it. Think of the central route to persuasion as when you use your central nervous system. You use your brain.
46:52
Fredy Aviles: If you're going to be persuaded in that way, it requires a lot of time and effort, right, you're going to think a lot about the subject, you can think a lot about the message you're going to do the research, so to speak, you're going to think about it.
47:03
Fredy Aviles: More common with intelligent people intelligent people, of course, I'm more likely to think about what something really means. Fredy Aviles: Right, more likely to do the research and find out if they should really believe something or they should really buy something that kind of stuff. Right, that's the central room. There's also the peripheral route to persuasion.
47:19
Fredy Aviles: Where you don't really use your brain. There was the peripheral rude. It's all about appearance. It's about reputations about the number of arguments, the peripheral route is basically when you just go with appearance.
47:31
Fredy Aviles: requires little time and effort and is more common with less intelligent people Fredy Aviles: And here's the thing. We all fall prey to the periphery to the peripheral route every now and then. Okay, even if we're smart.
47:42
Fredy Aviles: Often we are still convinced the other peripheral where we decided not to think about something and just go with the appearance or just go with what it seems. Okay, go with popular opinion. That's the peripheral the peripheral is we when we don't think for ourselves.
47:57
Fredy Aviles: And I wonder if I provide you guys with some examples here. I was working on this last night, but
48:03
Fredy Aviles: Yeah, I don't really have i guess i don't i i am because this, I had to shorten the lecture the PowerPoint to make it fit in here but Fredy Aviles: Let me give you some example. Okay, so I don't have I in the longer version of the lecture, I had some visuals there. I had some ads.
48:18
Fredy Aviles: Right. So you can think about ads and how they try to persuade you about certain things, but I'll just bring some of those up when they try to sell you a car on TV or they're telling you should buy this car, or they're trying to persuade you via the central route or the peripheral
48:31
Fredy Aviles: It's always the peripheral. It's always like, look at this car. Doesn't it look good. Fredy Aviles: Look at all the fun, you're gonna have right. People are gonna like you Fredy Aviles: It's the number one selling car or the number one selling truck. It's all peripheral if they're trying to sell you alcohol. It's always people partying having a good time. It's all peripheral peripheral
48:50
Fredy Aviles: If they try to persuade you via the central route, it would be a very different message and they almost never do that. Fredy Aviles: The central is when you carefully think about the car right if you're gonna buy a car. It's about, okay, how much does it cost. Can I afford the payments.
49:04
Fredy Aviles: What's going to happen to my insurance. Is it reliable is it safe. All that is the central that's when you think about it, but peripheral route. It's like a, it's all about appearance. Hey, look at this car, right, you're gonna have a good time people gonna like you
49:18
Fredy Aviles: You know, that's the way they try to sell us things on TV and it doesn't matter whether it's a beer or a car or even if they're trying to persuade us to vote for this person or that person. It's almost always be the peripheral route.
49:32
Fredy Aviles: All right, let's talk about persuasion strategies now because I need to make sure I get through this. Um, there are different ways in which people try to persuade you.
49:41
Fredy Aviles: And you may not be aware of these, but they're very these techniques are very commonly used by salesman and there's hundreds of them, by the way, I'm only going to mention a few.
49:49
Fredy Aviles: The foot in the door technique is when they try to persuade you by first making a small request. Fredy Aviles: That is accepted, and then they make a larger request. So first they ask you for something that's no big deal. You accept it and then they ask you for something that is a big deal. Fredy Aviles: Okay, so they might ask you something like a, would you sign this petition. When you sign this petition to earn world hunger.
50:10
Fredy Aviles: And you say, Sure, I'll sign that I believe in. That's a good cause. Right. You sign there, right. Fredy Aviles: And then they follow it up with. Okay, will you donate some of your time. Will you help us right raise money for this cause, will you donate some money. Fredy Aviles: That is a lot harder to do. But the fact that you said yes to the first thing makes you more likely to say yes to the second thing also
50:30
Fredy Aviles: That is the foot in the door technique. You have to first get your foot in the door, you have to make a small request first first ask for something that's no big deal. Fredy Aviles: They say yes. And then you follow that up with something that is a big deal. They're more likely to say yes to the second thing. If they say yes to the first thing
50:48
Fredy Aviles: Okay, that's just the way it is that that's one way it works. It's very commonly used by door to door salesman. Right. Fredy Aviles: We don't really have those anymore, but in the past they used to come. These be these people who would come, door to door trying to sell you a vacuum or a coffee maker or something like that.
51:05
Fredy Aviles: And they would go to your house and they would ask you, you know, the front desk, yo. How you doing, man, I'm doing fine. And then they would ask you something they would ask you something that's no big deal. They would say, can I come in.
51:17
Fredy Aviles: Can I talk to you about something. Can I come in and you're a nice person. You say, Oh, sure you can come in. Yeah, I'll talk to you. Go ahead. Come on in. Fredy Aviles: You just said yes to something you just accepted them. You just told them, it's okay to come into your house.
51:29
Fredy Aviles: Now that they're in there. Now they're going to try to sell you something. And it's going to be harder for you to say no to them now that they're in your house because you're a nice person, right, you let them in.
51:39
Fredy Aviles: And now it's hard for you to be a mean person and say, No, I don't want your damn vacuum. Right. I don't want your, your pots and pans or whatever you're trying to sell right if you let them in, you're more likely to agree to the second thing to agree to buy the thing you're trying to sell.
51:54
Fredy Aviles: You don't want to fall prey to that don't accept the first thing. Don't say don't even let them in. Right. But that doesn't happen anymore. They're not coming to your door and we're trying to sell you things Fredy Aviles: There's also the door in the face technique that's the opposite technique that's when they first make a large request that's likely to be denied and they followed by a smaller request.
52:12
Fredy Aviles: This is what happened to me the call me up from USC. Hey, would you like to donate $1,000 to USC. Fredy Aviles: And I said, Hell no. I'm not giving you guys $1,000 where you think I am. Are you think I'm rich or something like that and say, well, what about 500 know 200 know hundred know by the time they got down to 20 it seemed like almost nothing.
52:31
Fredy Aviles: And I said, Fine, I'll give you guys 20 bucks. They got some money out of me USC right they raise billions of dollars every year and then managed to get some money out of me through this technique I didn't want to give them anything. Fredy Aviles: I know that they raised a lot of they raise billions of dollars every year from their alumni, a lot of rich people went there and they give them plenty of money.
52:50
Fredy Aviles: But they call up a whole bunch of people, the people graduate from they're asking for money. Fredy Aviles: You know they if they start out with something big, right, that you're not likely to agree to. And then they follow up with something small. That's called a door in the face technique.
53:03
Fredy Aviles: Similar thing when you're going to buy a car when you're going to buy a car and you're going to get. You're going to get down to negotiating right they always start out with, Hey, you want Fredy Aviles: Well, here's what, here's what the dealer is asking for. Will you give us this much for the car. It's like $32,000 for a $20,000 car. And if you know what you're doing. You say, hell no, I'm not giving you $32,000 for that car not worth $32,000
53:27
Fredy Aviles: And they say, well, what about 27. What about 25 they get it down right and you keep negotiating. By the time you get to the real price of the car. You think you're getting a great deal, and you're not
53:40
Fredy Aviles: But they almost always ask for something at the beginning that is just unreasonable. It's too much. That's the door in the face technique.
53:48
Fredy Aviles: First, ask for something that's likely be denied and then follow it up with a small request, you're more likely to agree to the second thing, because it seems like so much more reasonable compared to the first thing
53:59
Fredy Aviles: All right, let's keep going.
54:01
Fredy Aviles: There's also the bait and switch technique. I'm wondering, I'm going to get through all of this. I'm gonna have to break Fredy Aviles: The bait and switch technique is when they offer you a good deal on something and then they change it on you after you agree to it.
54:12
Fredy Aviles: So they offer you a good deal on a car, and then they say that, well, you know what, we can really give it to you for that price, there's certain things that, you know, raise the price. That's the bait and switch technique.
54:26
Fredy Aviles: Or you see a car advertise in the newspaper.
54:30
Fredy Aviles: And it says that they're going to sell. They're going to give you a car, right, you're gonna Fredy Aviles: You can buy a car that normally costs. Let's say $20,000 and they say they're gonna they're offering to you for $15,000 so you run over there to the dealer and you say, I want that car right that's $5,000 off.
54:47
Fredy Aviles: And they look at you like, what are you talking about the cars cost $20,000 that's the bait and switch technique, they lure you in with something and then they give you something else. It happens a lot.
54:58
Fredy Aviles: And it's not just car salesman. It happens everywhere. When you buy a home right you go to those home builders. Fredy Aviles: And you go in and you look at the model homes and they look beautiful. Don't think Fredy Aviles: And say, yeah, I want this one. So you sign up for it. Right. And then you finally when you get your home after it's built right you realize that your home doesn't look like that home.
55:17
Fredy Aviles: It doesn't. It looks that way from the outside, not from the inside the inside has a whole bunch of extras that cost a lot more money. Fredy Aviles: And you don't end up getting a home like that. Okay, that's all bait and switch. It happens a lot when they lure you in with something and then they change it on you. Fredy Aviles: Okay. The lowball technique is when they offer you a good deal on something.
55:37
Fredy Aviles: You agree to buy it and then they tell you that there was an error in the price. The lowball technique right is when they change things on you, but it has to do with the price. Fredy Aviles: So you agreed to buy a car at a certain price right you negotiate for the car you agree to buy at a certain price and then they tell you that they made a mistake, there's an error in the price and the price is always higher
55:56
Fredy Aviles: To negotiate the price of a car and you get it down to $20,000 a day. Right. You think you're getting a good deal. Fredy Aviles: You finally you know you agreed to that. And then the guy says, oh, you know what, let me go check with my manager goes check with his manager or her manager and they come back and tell you you know what
56:15
Fredy Aviles: We can't give it to you at that price manager says that you know that we can only give it to you for this price. Right. We made a mistake. We thought we could give it to you for that price, but we can. It's really this much, right, the price is always higher. That's the lowball technique.
56:31
Fredy Aviles: Just some examples of persuasion strategies. But now let's talk about other things because we still have like five slides and we have like 20 minutes. Okay. Fredy Aviles: Um, let's talk about conformity and all these are all things that I really should spend more time on because of that holiday. I have the restroom. Fredy Aviles: Conformity. Conformity is when you maintain or you change your behavior to match the behavior expectations of others.
56:52
Fredy Aviles: When you follow the social norm, right, the social norm is an unwritten rule about how one should behave. There are norms. Okay. Fredy Aviles: Whether we're aware of them or not we behave in certain ways, just to go along with the crowd like when there's a funeral. Right. People were black to a funeral. There is no written rule that says that you need to wear black, but everybody wears black
57:14
Fredy Aviles: keeping silent and elevator. There is no rule that says you can't talk in an elevator. But that's what people do. That's the norm. And that's how way, the way people behave
57:24
Fredy Aviles: Okay that is conformity. When we go along with what other people are doing. They're not telling us to behave that way there's no rule, but we go along with it anyway that is conformity.
57:39
Fredy Aviles: And here's a study on conformity, so you can understand it a little bit more
57:45
Fredy Aviles: The ash line study. Okay, here's the method section right participants were asked to match align with one of three other lines. So they show you a line and they asked you. Fredy Aviles: Which of these three other lines most closely matches the length of that line right here's the thing. There are phony participants that give the wrong answer. First, there are other people in the study who are pretending to be real participants and they deliberately give the wrong answer.
58:12
Fredy Aviles: And then they asked you.
58:15
Fredy Aviles: Do you conform. Do you follow an r&b you go along with them because the other participants say that it's this one that most closely matches. Fredy Aviles: But obviously, that's the wrong answer. So do you give them the wrong answer. Do you follow the norm. It's basically like when somebody you know like if three people say that a certain cup of coffee tastes really good. And then you try it.
58:39
Fredy Aviles: And now they asked you. Hey, do you think it tastes good, three other people said it tastes good. Are you going to go along with them and say it tastes good when it doesn't Fredy Aviles: Right, that's, that kind of thing results show that 70% of participants conformed at least 170 percent of them gave the wrong answer on purpose. Just because other people did that.
58:57
Fredy Aviles: Conformity was greatest when other people are unanimous when everyone agrees. Right. It's hard to say that you disagree. Fredy Aviles: If one person disagrees conformity drops 25% if there's one person who will go against the crowd, then that makes you feel more powerful like okay you can walk into the crowd to
59:15
Fredy Aviles: Like, right now we're seeing it right now in our politics right
59:20
Fredy Aviles: Certain have there's been a certain election right certain outcome. There's a certain group of people
59:27
Fredy Aviles: Who are speaking out very loudly and saying this is wrong. This is fraud.
59:33
Fredy Aviles: Right. What are you seeing right you're seeing a lot of conformity, they're all saying the same thing. Even though a lot of them don't believe that.
59:44
Fredy Aviles: Some people are disagreeing, though. Fredy Aviles: And when some people disagree, then it's easier for other people to disagree, that's what that's about. That's why this is important. It's important also for jury decision making. What if you're part of a jury. What if everyone believes, somebody is guilty. Fredy Aviles: And you believe that person is innocent. Are you going to go along with the group or are you going to say no. You guys are wrong, right, that person is innocent.
1:00:07
Fredy Aviles: Conformity is a very powerful thing in the research shows that we're very likely to go along with other people's opinion, even if we disagree. Fredy Aviles: Right, because when other people are unanimous when when there's a lot more other people saying one thing we're often go along with our own best guess. And we're more like to go along with the group. Fredy Aviles: When we should really think for ourselves. Now let's talk about obedience obedience.
1:00:30
Fredy Aviles: Is even a is a different kind of thing. Conformity is when basically you just go along with the group, but nobody told you to do that. It's just the group is behaving a certain way and you feel pressure to behave the same way. Obedience is when somebody tells you to do something.
1:00:47
Fredy Aviles: Right, somebody of authority obedience is when you change is when you change your opinion or behavior in response to direct order from an authority. Fredy Aviles: Obedience is when the cop tells you pull over and you pull over. It's when the judge tells you shut up and you shut up. That's obedience.
1:01:04
Fredy Aviles: It's when your mother tells you clean your room and you clean your room right that is obedience. That's a much more powerful thing. Okay. It basically when you are when you when you when you obey authority. Right. That obedience.
1:01:19
Fredy Aviles: There's a very famous study that was done by Stanley Milgram, okay. And it's, it's kind of long. But I'm only going to give you the gist of it, just so you understand Fredy Aviles: Very important study about the extent to which people will obey and authority. The study has presented to participants as being about learning and memory.
1:01:37
Fredy Aviles: They're told that somebody has to have the role of the teacher. Somebody needs to read certain words out loud. And by the way, that always Fredy Aviles: Gets to be you. You get to be assigned you are always assigned as the teacher. They're told you that it's random, but you as the real participant always get assigned to be the teacher.
1:01:53
Fredy Aviles: Okay, and then somebody else has to be the learner somebody wants to repeat the words and and there's actually a phony participant a fake participant. Fredy Aviles: Who you think is a real participant like you who gets assigned to be the teacher and your job is to teach the words to this person and you're told that you must shock the learner for every mistake.
1:02:15
Fredy Aviles: So you get to try out you know the shock and you see that it hurts, right, and then they hook up this other person right the learner two electrodes two wires.
1:02:25
Fredy Aviles: And you read certain words out loud that person repeats them and when they make a mistake, you push a button and you shock them.
1:02:32
Fredy Aviles: You're also told to increase the voltage after every incorrect response. Every time the person makes a mistake you shocked them right and then the next time they make a mistake, you raised the voltage and you shocked them again, the voltage can be increased from 15 to 450 volts.
1:02:49
Fredy Aviles: And here's the thing you're told that if you get to 300 volts. If you shocked the person at 300 volts that's possibly deadly you might kill the person Fredy Aviles: And by the way, you don't know, okay, that this isn't real. You think this is real. Okay. And you also told that the learner has a heart condition this other person who you think is a real participant tells you that he has a bad heart.
1:03:10
Fredy Aviles: And you're going to be shocking him okay the learner made mistakes on purpose. He acted because the phony participant. He's not really getting shocked by the way he's faking it. The wires connect them. They're not shocking him.
1:03:25
Fredy Aviles: So it makes a mistake you shock him, make no mistake you shock him right
1:03:29
Fredy Aviles: When you get 250 volts. He says, hey, this hurts. Let me out. Let me out. Right.
1:03:35
Fredy Aviles: And the experimenter tells you right the experiment must go on.
1:03:41
Fredy Aviles: So you are, as you say another word right and he gets it wrong and that you know and you shock him again when you get to 270 he's screaming in pain.
1:03:51
Fredy Aviles: You feel uncomfortable. You want to stop, but the experimenter tells you the experiment must go on. Please continue.
1:03:58
Fredy Aviles: Right at 300 volts, the learner study would no longer answer he refused to participate at 330 their silence. Maybe you killed them already. You don't know. Fredy Aviles: But each step you're being told. Please continue the experiment must go on, you're being told by the experiment or the person of authority. They want to know to what extent you obey. How far will you go Fredy Aviles: 20 540 participants, more than half went all the way to 450 volts. How is that possible.
1:04:28
Fredy Aviles: Right, you might say right power people. How can people be willing to kill someone just because they're told by someone of an authority. Fredy Aviles: You know why this experiment was done because of Nazi Germany because people were shocked when they discovered what happened, right. How could somebody like Hitler right give orders and have all these people kill those other people kill millions of people.
1:04:54
Fredy Aviles: How is that possible weren't these people, good people wouldn't they say no, right.
1:05:00
Fredy Aviles: So they did an experiment here in the US. And it turns out that we would probably do the same thing.
1:05:06
Fredy Aviles: Most people in this experiment went all the way, potentially killing somebody and it doesn't even talk about three and there's all the way to three to 450 right and I've been saying this for years. What if we elect some crazy person right somebody like Hitler.
1:05:24
Fredy Aviles: That wants to do some crazy stuff. Right. And I've been saying that for years now. Luckily, in the US, we have a balance of power. We have the Senate, we have the house. We have the presidency. Fredy Aviles: So the President is not some dictator could just do whatever the heck, he wants. All right. Um, we have some protections. But this says that, yes. The same thing can happen here and some very bad things have happened here.
1:05:44
Fredy Aviles: We are not immune to this right psychology didn't just think of this on their own. There's plenty of examples where this has happened. Fredy Aviles: Happened in Nazi Germany, it's happened in Africa tapping into those Asian countries in Cambodia, it happened. It happened in Russia. It happened it's happened here in the US.
1:06:01
Fredy Aviles: Bad things have happened where people give out orders and people carry out those orders and then hurt and mystery, a bunch of other people often killing them in other countries. We've had millions of people killed because of that right
1:06:13
Fredy Aviles: You know, in Russia that Stalin guy killed millions of people right Hitler killed millions of people in Cambodia had happened to what's happened in Africa.
1:06:21
Fredy Aviles: Here in the US. Well, yeah, it's happened to right. I'm not sure about wow you know it's happened here too, right, we have our own really bad history here, right, maybe not as bad as Germany, but some pretty bad things have happened here too.
1:06:36
Fredy Aviles: And we have to be careful. Right.
1:06:38
Fredy Aviles: You know, because, yes. This says that basically we are here. We are also very prone to obey authority here, and this is a country where we're supposed to have individualism freedom right where we can think for ourselves.
1:06:50
Fredy Aviles: You have the right to say no. But this suggests that a lot of people would still go along with it still willing and and you know basically to go and carry out an act that would be considered immoral be considered really bad if somebody told them to do so.
1:07:06
Fredy Aviles: I hope it doesn't happen. Okay. But yes, we are a very divided country and there is a lot of arguing and fighting going on, and I hope that people realize that they don't have to go through with some
1:07:18
Fredy Aviles: You know, with some craziness. Just because somebody else tells them to do. So let's talk about one last thing. Fredy Aviles: A couple of slides left. I think we'll be okay we'll get through it. Let's talk about something that altruism. Okay, stop altruism is helping. That's really what that means. I call just call it altruism. Right.
1:07:35
Fredy Aviles: The only thing I want you to know about altruism, because we don't have a lot to talk about it. Nothing. I need to know about altruism is the bystander effect. That's the tendency to fail to help when others are present or available to help
1:07:48
Fredy Aviles: This is very disturbing thing about helping called the bystander effect. Here's what it is. Okay. When there's something that happens in somebody needs help. Fredy Aviles: And very often people will not help. They'll just stand there and do nothing. That's called the bystander effect. Fredy Aviles: There's an experiment that was done, just to show you how this works. Right.
1:08:07
Fredy Aviles: An experiment. Here's the method of the experiment. There was a female experimenter that had people waiting for a research study in the laboratory. She had people waiting Fredy Aviles: And she went next door and pretended to have fallen off a chair. She pretended to be hurt and she moaned. Oh, my foot. My ankle.
1:08:26
Fredy Aviles: There were participants in another room.
1:08:31
Fredy Aviles: Waiting for an experiment, they didn't know the experiment had already started. Okay, participants were sometimes waiting by themselves when they were waiting by themselves when they're waiting alone 70% went next door to check on her. So they help right
1:08:46
Fredy Aviles: When participants were waiting with other people, when there were other people present only 13% of them help Fredy Aviles: So in other words, when there's other people around, and somebody needs help. We are less likely to help. And that's a very disturbing thing because it often means that the person who needs help often will not get it.
1:09:04
Fredy Aviles: We are less likely to help if there's others present. Why does this happen, there's two reasons. According to research, one is diffusion of responsibility. Fredy Aviles: We feel less responsible if there's other people present because they are considered equally likely to help. So if there's 10 people there and somebody collapses.
1:09:23
Fredy Aviles: Somebody collapses.
1:09:26
Fredy Aviles: Then, you know, chances are we're just going to look at each other and no one is going to help. And that's a very bad thing.
1:09:34
Fredy Aviles: Okay that's diffusion of responsibility. Another reason that happens is pluralistic ignorance, where we assume help is not needed. Fredy Aviles: Because no one is helping or someone else can provide better help Pluralistic Ignorance is we when we assume that there is no that help is not needed, because no one's doing anything.
1:09:54
Fredy Aviles: So we assume it's no big deal. We don't need to help
1:09:59
Fredy Aviles: For the sake of discussion. I will stop there. Okay, and give us a few minutes to talk about this stuff.
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