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0:03
Fredy Aviles: Okay. Welcome to Psych one on one general Psychology Today we are talking about memory and we're going to talk about
0:13
Fredy Aviles: All this stuff actually not all of it.
0:16
Fredy Aviles: Because it's gonna it's gonna be broken up into two lectures are two separate videos. So yes, we're going to define memory and the processes in a moment, we're going to talk about the information processing model of memory and
0:31
Fredy Aviles: You know, sensory memory short term memory long term memory. Okay. And then that's about as far as will get the nature of remembering biology memory cause of forgetting that stuff will be. We'll talk about that on Wednesday.
0:43
Fredy Aviles: Okay, so let's get started. Here's an image for you guys. It's in your book figure 8.2
0:50
Fredy Aviles: And
0:52
Fredy Aviles: What this basically tells us that memory involves three things that involves encoding, storage and retrieval. Okay.
1:04
Fredy Aviles: Now you probably already know what storage means you know what retrieval means, what the heck is encoding. Well there's your definition there and coding involves the input of information into the memory system. Fredy Aviles: And coding is basically when you first access the information. Okay. So when you see something you hear something smell something your whatever it is you take your senses take up information.
1:29
Fredy Aviles: And it enters the memory system. Okay. It says there next to the flow chart there that encoding could be visual, auditory or semantic so yes encoding could be visual. So let's say you you can visualize something
1:47
Fredy Aviles: To make it easier for you to remember, like for instance you can visualize, um, let's say,
1:55
Fredy Aviles: Someone who is like let's say you have to learn somebody's name. You have to remember somebody's name and that person's name is Matt.
2:03
Fredy Aviles: Okay, well you can visualize Matt with a match over his head.
2:09
Fredy Aviles: To help you remember his name. So in that way. You've encoded the information visually you created a visual image to help you remember Fredy Aviles: You can also include the information and an auditory way right you can use rhythm and rhyme. You can turn things into a little song to help you remember something, remember right when you were learning the alphabet and there was that little song right that helps you encode the information
2:33
Fredy Aviles: Okay, so when you encode the information you're doing something to the information to help get it into memory. You can also encoder in a semantic way semantic means that has to do with words. So you can create a little story.
2:48
Fredy Aviles: Let's say for something to help you remember it.
2:53
Fredy Aviles: All that would be encoding so encoding is basically
2:57
Fredy Aviles: inputting the information into the memory system, but not just that transforming the information doing something with it so you can get it into the memory system that's encoding. Fredy Aviles: Okay storage is retaining the information right keeping it stored. So you can use it later. And then when you use it. That's called retrieval right when you get the information out so that you can
3:18
Fredy Aviles: Use it. So you can think about it. So you can be aware of it. That's retrieval so memory involves encoding, storage and retrieval. Let's keep going. Now we're going to talk about something that probably the most important part of this lecture is the information processing model of memory.
3:38
Fredy Aviles: The information processing model of memory is basically think of it like a theory that explains how memory works. Fredy Aviles: Okay, and it was proposed way back in 1968 by Atkinson shifren Atkinson and shifting. Okay. The information processing multiple memory. It basically says that memory human memory works like a computer.
3:59
Fredy Aviles: Now in the 60s computers were new okay but Atkinson and shifren HAD ENOUGH BOB. I guess enough sense to know that memory must work in a similar way.
4:11
Fredy Aviles: Okay so human memory works like a computer, going to the Atkinson shift from model of memory. Fredy Aviles: So information first enters sensory memory. So that is like the computer accessing information right when you type into it. For instance, right, and then some other information is stored into short term memory for the computer that is like random access memory.
4:33
Fredy Aviles: That is basically when the computer runs programs right is working with information that is short term memory and short term memory, you'll find that in a moment. This is also called working memory. Fredy Aviles: So that is when you use information and then some information is this. And this then transferred to long term memory, and that is like storing
4:52
Fredy Aviles: The information on your hard drive on the computer. So you can use it months later years later, right, assuming that the computer is still works that the hard drive hasn't gone back. Okay. Fredy Aviles: That's what the theory says that human memory works like a computer. If you don't understand the analogy of the computer.
5:09
Fredy Aviles: Don't worry about it for now. What you need to know is that human memory basically has sensory memory short term memory and long term memory. And we're going to define each of those three steps in memory.
5:21
Fredy Aviles: And then there is a link there for the information processing model of memory that link with the three little stars there if we were in class, I would play that for you. Fredy Aviles: You know that video and that it explains this model of memory explains how memory works. Um, we're going to have to skip the video because a lot of you complain that you can't hear it right when we're trying to do this via zoom
5:45
Fredy Aviles: So we're going to skip it. You guys can watch it on your own, but I am going to talk about the steps. I'm going to talk about what sensory memory is what short term memory is and how long and long term memory and how these things work. Fredy Aviles: So basically doing essentially the same thing. The video does the video is just a you know you hearing it another time with a different voice slightly different explanation that would help you understand it a bit more
6:06
Fredy Aviles: So first step, but in memory is called sensory memory or the sensory register. We can abbreviate that SM, but usually the abbreviation than us, which can just call it the sensory memory or the sensory register.
6:19
Fredy Aviles: This is simply when you first encounter information. It's brief memory of things just encounter. So it's basically when you see something when you hear something you smell something right it's your senses taking in information that's sensory memory or sensory register.
6:40
Fredy Aviles: Your senses aren't really meant to store information.
6:44
Fredy Aviles: So sensory memory doesn't last very long.
6:49
Fredy Aviles: Now there's two kinds of sensory memory that have been studied the most. And that's iconic memory and the memory and iconic memory is just simply memory for things that you've seen so iconic memory is
7:02
Fredy Aviles: Basically the mental representation of a visual image iconic memory is memory for things that you've seen that you've just seen. Okay. Fredy Aviles: So, indicating less than a second iconic memory visual images that you've just been exposed to decay in about Fredy Aviles: A second. As a matter of fact about maybe half a second, less than a second half a second. Okay, so if you see something
7:27
Fredy Aviles: And you immediately look away in about half a second. You've already forgotten that because you didn't focus on it. You didn't think about it. You didn't analyze it. Fredy Aviles: If you don't use the information you are simply looking at it, you simply see something, for instance, as soon as you look away. It's gone.
7:46
Fredy Aviles: For instance, like let's say on your drive to work right you drive to work and on your way. You see other cars, there's other people in those cars. Fredy Aviles: You know, you can see what those cars look like the color. You can see often the people inside the cars and what they look like. Fredy Aviles: You saw all of that stuff. But you didn't pay attention to it. Right. You might have seen it for a brief moment and side and then you immediately looked away.
8:14
Fredy Aviles: Right. So if somebody asks you, when you get to work, hey you know what kind of cars that you pass on the way over here. Fredy Aviles: To pass any cool cars, you know, or What color were those cars. What are those people look like you probably can't say because you already forgotten that information in about half a second that information that visual image fades
8:35
Fredy Aviles: You did nothing with it. You didn't think about it. You didn't analyze it. You didn't focus on it so it immediately goes away. That's called iconic memory. Fredy Aviles: Now there are those that have photographic or a genetic memory that is rare, and those are those individuals that remember everything. Okay, so someone with photographic memory.
8:55
Fredy Aviles: When they drive to work and they see all those people all those cars right they get to work. If somebody asked them, hey, what did those people look like, but those cars look like Fredy Aviles: They would be able to tell you exactly what those cars look like and what colors and what those people look like they remember all that stuff.
9:10
Fredy Aviles: That is rare for people to have that kind of memory. But that's photographic memory.
9:16
Fredy Aviles: That usually doesn't happen. Your brain naturally filters out most information because most of it is useless. You don't need to remember all that stuff. Fredy Aviles: So you see it. You hear it. Maybe you smell stuff right and you immediately. Forget about it.
9:29
Fredy Aviles: Okay, that's your sensory memory sensory register that's iconic memory. Now if you're talking about memory for things that you've heard that would be a colleague memory, the mental representations of sounds so if somebody tells you something.
9:43
Fredy Aviles: And you don't think about that and about three to four seconds. Fredy Aviles: That information is gone you forget in about three or four seconds. So I quite memory decays and about three to four seconds. So it's like when your mother. And let's say is giving you a lecture. Fredy Aviles: You know, and she's telling you. Haven't I told you not to do this before, right, and you know she's going on and on and you're just basically like you know like
10:07
Fredy Aviles: You're not paying attention and you're just thinking in your head. Yeah, yeah, blah, blah, blah. You know what, you know, I heard this before, blah, blah, blah. Right. You're just not paying attention you're hearing her, but you're not listening.
10:20
Fredy Aviles: What happens in about three or four second three or four seconds later, you're going to have forgotten what she said.
10:28
Fredy Aviles: And sometimes they know you're not listening to them. So they're giving you this lecture.
10:34
Fredy Aviles: And they can tell you're not listening. And then they stop and tell you what did I just tell you what did I just say repeat back to me what I just told you.
10:42
Fredy Aviles: If it's been less than three or four seconds, you can repeat what they just said. But if it's longer than that. You've already forgotten.
10:50
Fredy Aviles: Okay, that's a quote memory called memory is memory for things that you've heard last about three or four seconds iconic memory is memory for visual things that last bit less than half a second. Okay. Fredy Aviles: And that is all part of sensory memory sensory memory our base is just your senses picking up information. Yes. And they pick up visual images to pick up sounds
11:09
Fredy Aviles: Yeah, and all your other senses as well, smells, tastes right touch. Yes. I would also be part of your sensory registered right it's just your senses picking up information we're only talking about visual stuff. Fredy Aviles: And stuff that has to do with sounds because that's what has been studied the most
11:24
Fredy Aviles: So that's your sensory memory. Now if you pay attention to the information if you do more with it.
11:30
Fredy Aviles: It will enter what's called short term memory short term memory is when you focus attention on a stimulus to retain it for a minute or so. Fredy Aviles: Short term memory is basically when you can remember something for a short amount of time, maybe a minute or two, or something like that. Right.
11:48
Fredy Aviles: It's short term memory that requires for you to pay attention. So you can see attention there is in bold in the light blue, you need to pay attention. You need to focus on something to remember it for at least a little while. Fredy Aviles: If you don't pay attention. If you don't focus then you're only using sensory memory and it disappears within seconds or less.
12:09
Fredy Aviles: So if you pay attention, then that information gets into short term memory. And you can remember it for a few minutes. Okay. Fredy Aviles: Short term memory is also called working memory. Fredy Aviles: Because it is the kind of memory that you rely on when you read a list of words when you're reading a list of words, you are focusing on those words you are thinking about them, you are working with that information.
12:30
Fredy Aviles: So you remember that for a few minutes when you're solving a math problem you're thinking about it, you're focusing on it, you're using your working memory that memory is going to stay in there for at least a few minutes okay when you're talking to someone, you're thinking about things.
12:47
Fredy Aviles: Okay, focusing on certain things that you say that is short term memory. When you tie your shoes. Fredy Aviles: You're using short term memory, you're using working memory you are working with information you are remembering things you're doing things Fredy Aviles: Whenever you're doing anything. Whenever you're working with any information whether it's
13:04
Fredy Aviles: Numbers, whether it's words or if you're even if you're doing something physically you are using your short term memory, which is also called working memory most psychologists call it working memory. Fredy Aviles: I like to call it short term memory because it implies that only last a short time, but it's also called working memory.
13:24
Fredy Aviles: Short term memory has a small capacity.
13:28
Fredy Aviles: Why well because how many things can you really pay attention to what the same time.
13:33
Fredy Aviles: Research shows that it's only about seven things plus or minus two. So you can remember about seven numbers. Fredy Aviles: If your average right seven numbers and that is how many numbers there are in a phone number. If you exclude the area code. Fredy Aviles: You can remember that phone number for a few minutes after a few minutes it will be gone. Okay. But remember, you have to focus on the phone number, you have to think about it and you can remember probably for a few minutes.
14:04
Fredy Aviles: Okay, if you're a little if your memories, a little bit better.
14:08
Fredy Aviles: Plus two you can remember about nine different numbers. If your memories, a little bit worse minus two, you remember about five
14:16
Fredy Aviles: That's the reason why phone numbers, by the way, have seven numbers because they know that that's about how many numbers people can remember without having to write it down. Fredy Aviles: Okay, you can remember it only for a few minutes. The while you're focusing on it while you're thinking about it while you're thinking about that number. Let's say you let's say somebody told you that number. Okay.
14:37
Fredy Aviles: And you're thinking about it, right. You have a few minutes. Well, you can continue to think about that number so that you can write it down. Okay, or maybe recorded on your smartphone. After about a few minutes it will be gone.
14:50
Fredy Aviles: Okay. Um so short term memory has a small capacity because short term memory has to do with those things that you are actively thinking about Fredy Aviles: That things, those things you have in conscious awareness, whether it's a phone number or whether you're thinking about what you're saying, or whether you're reading a book or tying your shoes. Fredy Aviles: That is what you are thinking about, and you could only think about so many things at the same time.
15:13
Fredy Aviles: But seven things plus or minus two, whether it's words numbers or whatever it is. Okay, and short term memory is subject to something called displacement. Displacement means that something gets pushed out when a new item pushes out an existing item.
15:31
Fredy Aviles: When the system is full. So let's say you already have seven numbers that you have to try to remember you haven't written it down. You haven't put it on your smartphone yet somebody gave you a phone number. Let's say you met someone
15:43
Fredy Aviles: And they told you, their phone number.
15:46
Fredy Aviles: You have a couple of minutes for you to consciously think about those seven numbers. Okay, until you forget it. Right. You have a couple of minutes.
15:56
Fredy Aviles: You can do that. Okay.
15:59
Fredy Aviles: If your average. Okay. About seven minutes seven numbers. Okay. What if though, the number is a different area code, and now you have to remember the area code.
16:10
Fredy Aviles: Well, because you have to remember the area code, you are going to forget some of the other numbers because it's too much. Now it's 10 numbers, not seven Fredy Aviles: There's too many for you to keep in mind all at the same time. So what's going to happen is you'll remember the area code, but some of those other numbers are going to get pushed out of a conscious awareness, you're going to forget those that is displacement
16:32
Fredy Aviles: Okay.
16:34
Fredy Aviles: Unless your memory is a lot better than maybe you can remember the article, too. Fredy Aviles: But usually, the mirror the area code is additional numbers if it's different than yours. That means you have to remember the area code. Fredy Aviles: And then, well now you can't remember it. It's too many numbers, you're going to get some of them wrong.
16:50
Fredy Aviles: Okay, that's how short term memory works so short term memory is basically information that you pay attention to that you focus on information that you're working on. Okay. Fredy Aviles: And you could only information and conscious awareness and you could only have about seven things plus or minus two in conscious awareness and when there's more things get displaced. Now you can do things to improve your short term memory.
17:14
Fredy Aviles: Okay, there are ways to improve your life there's way. There are ways to make the information last longer, longer than just a few minutes.
17:22
Fredy Aviles: You can use what's called maintenance rehearsal or wrote rehearsal.
17:26
Fredy Aviles: And you could also use elaborative rehearsal maintenance rehearsal, also called wrote rehearsal is simply when you just repeat the information over and over again. Fredy Aviles: So when you're repeating that number that phone number over and over again, you're saying it over and over again so that you won't forget it. You are rehearsing the information
17:44
Fredy Aviles: You're trying to maintain it and memory that's maintenance rehearsal. You are repeating it by road you're repeating it in order that's rope rehearsal. Fredy Aviles: You're trying to keep it in memory longer okay that may lead to long term memory. If you say that if you say that phone number over and over again. If you repeat it hundreds of times maybe thousands of times you will probably remember it for a long time, we will get into long term memory.
18:14
Fredy Aviles: And I'll give you an example of that.
18:17
Fredy Aviles: See your instructor is older. Right. And I remember the time when we didn't have smartphones, not only do we not have smartphones. We didn't even have those flip phones that Fredy Aviles: You know, it's, you know, that basically you can store phone numbers. We used to have those old kind of phones and all they did was make phone calls, you couldn't store numbers in them.
18:38
Fredy Aviles: You couldn't search the Internet and it was just the stupid phones. Okay. All they did was make phone calls. So you had to dial the number you have to push every button.
18:47
Fredy Aviles: Okay on these old phones.
18:51
Fredy Aviles: And so let's say you had a girlfriend or something like that. Like idea. Okay. And you know I got her phone number. Fredy Aviles: You know, first course at first thing you know I wrote it down, of course, right. But then, every time I had to call her right I look at the
19:05
Fredy Aviles: At the phone number and then I would push the buttons and call her and I would do that several times a week and talk all the time, you know, because it was an instant relationship. Okay. I didn't have a car. Fredy Aviles: All right. And we talked all the time. And every now and then we saw each other. Wasn't that often pay was born, I didn't have a car she lived like 30 minutes away. Okay, so
19:25
Fredy Aviles: Guess what I was with her for like three years. So I must have called her thousands of times
19:32
Fredy Aviles: And because I've repeated that information over and over again because I doubt that number over and over again.
19:38
Fredy Aviles: I still remember that phone number today.
19:41
Fredy Aviles: Even though I haven't been with her and more than 20 years I haven't called her mother, she probably doesn't live there anymore.
19:48
Fredy Aviles: Actually, I heard she moved to Vegas. Okay. She doesn't live there anymore. But yeah, that's Fredy Aviles: Road rehearsal, I repeated the information so much I dial that number so many times. And every time I dial that number. I had to remember it. I had to think about it. Okay. Well, I had to look at the paper. Fredy Aviles: Because I did that so many times that information isn't long term memory. And I probably won't forget it.
20:10
Fredy Aviles: Until I get much older and my brain starts going back okay but I still remember that phone number, okay, because it was like three years. I must have called her thousands of times Fredy Aviles: Okay, I know that sounds desperate. But that's all we did is we talked on the phone. Okay. Fredy Aviles: Now you guys of course have smartphones. You don't have to remember the damn phone number.
20:27
Fredy Aviles: You record on your smartphone and you give it and then you, you make a contact. There's a name. And now you just click on the name or, you know, touch the name and you didn't have to look at the phone number. Fredy Aviles: So there are many phone numbers that you guys have on your smartphone and if your smartphone went battery. The battery died, you won't be able to call those people even another phone because you won't remember because you have not rehearsed it
20:49
Fredy Aviles: Okay, you haven't okay now maintenance rehearsal is not a very good way to get things into memory. It takes too long to get something into long term memory with means rehearsal, you have to repeat something hundreds of times thousands of times it takes hours and hours.
21:08
Fredy Aviles: It is not a good strategy. And by the way, that's exactly what some of you are going to try to do when you take your exam, right. Fredy Aviles: You're going to study and you're going to look at your homework questions over and over again, trying to remember them. Fredy Aviles: And if you really going to do that. You better study for hours because it takes a long time to use that strategy. There is a better strategy called elaborative rehearsal.
21:30
Fredy Aviles: Or deep processing that is when you think about the information deeply when you relate the information to something you already know.
21:38
Fredy Aviles: Like escalators. If you need to learn the word escalators, which is a French word
21:44
Fredy Aviles: If you know the word escalators is related to escalator. It looks like escalator right then you can learn that word instantly escalators really means stairs. That's what it means. Well, you know what that escalator that moves up and down by itself. It has stairs to it has those steps.
22:03
Fredy Aviles: So now that you've connected. Those two things. Now you can remember the word escalators. And next time you see that word escalators, even if it's months from now. Fredy Aviles: Or years from now, you see the word escalators. You say you go to France, you will probably know what that means, because you have connected it in memory. You see how simple that was
22:19
Fredy Aviles: It often takes a little bit more time to engage in laughter rehearsal, like when I gave you that in that when I told you guys that story about that ex girlfriend and the phone number, right, if you remember that story. You remember one maintenance rehearsal is what wrote rehearsal is
22:37
Fredy Aviles: OK, if you come up with your own story that would be even better, but that is elaborative rehearsal deep processing. Fredy Aviles: You come up with a little story. And if you make it meaningful if you make it personal. It's even better, because then it connects to you but you connect the information to something you already know.
22:54
Fredy Aviles: You create a story and then it's easy to remember. That's what you should do with the information in a psychology class in the history class or whatever it is. That's how you remember things better and you're not only remembering things you understand things
23:07
Fredy Aviles: That is a much better strategy.
23:10
Fredy Aviles: Okay.
23:11
Fredy Aviles: But it requires you to think harder. And I know a lot of you don't want to do that. So you're just going to repeat the information over and over again, you're going to create flashcards. Some of you right Fredy Aviles: That's wrote rehearsal maintenance worth of that is not a very good strategy, but it can help you. You can still get an A. If you repeat the information enough, right, if you look at it enough arm but
23:31
Fredy Aviles: You know, guess what next semester, you probably won't remember a lot of it. If you use deep processing. Fredy Aviles: Then it will stick longer and you'll remember it better because this if you do if you do enough of this and do enough maintenance rehearsal. Fredy Aviles: That takes longer. Right. But if you do enough of it or if you use a laboratory rehearsal you more like you're more likely to get into long term memory.
23:49
Fredy Aviles: Now there's something else I need to tell you guys about short term memory. Before we talk about long term memory. Fredy Aviles: Short term memory is also subject to what we call the serial position effect. Fredy Aviles: The serial position effects says that for a list of words recall is better for the beginning items and the ending items then for the middle items.
24:09
Fredy Aviles: All right, that sounds confusing the serial position effects as that we remember the first things on the list. And the last things on a list more easily. That's what that means.
24:19
Fredy Aviles: So when you have to learn a list of words, whether it's a list of vocabulary words and this, the French words or list of presidents right
24:28
Fredy Aviles: You can always remember the first names are the first words on the mystery. Well, and the last ones. So you get the primacy effect. The primacy effect this tendency to run to the first words. Fredy Aviles: The first items really well.
24:41
Fredy Aviles: And the recency effect is the tendency. Remember the last night of well recent primacy means that it's the first things on the list. You remember those well and recently means it's the last things, the ones that are more recent to remember those things very well.
24:54
Fredy Aviles: That's what happens when you have a list of words, you always remember the first stuff really well. The last definitely well the stuff in the middle tends to get lost if you graph.
25:07
Fredy Aviles: The memory, right, you get a U shaped curve. So here we have a list of words horizontal look at the the horizontal line there right position on the list right you have word number you know 246 right. And yes, there's also one three, all that stuff right 20 words.
25:25
Fredy Aviles: And then the probability of recall
25:27
Fredy Aviles: So you can see for the first word on the list. There's over an 80% chance you're going to remember that one.
25:35
Fredy Aviles: And over 70% for the second about 70% for the third right in the last words there's over a 90% chance you're going to remember the last word. Fredy Aviles: And about 80% chance. Remember the second to the last word. But look at the stuff in the middle of the stuff in the in the middle. The graph is lower there. There's a lesser chance to remember those like less than 50% maybe less than 40% for some of them.
25:58
Fredy Aviles: So you get this U shaped curve, whenever you try to remember things in order. Whenever you try to remember the list, you know, whether it's a list of grocery items, a list of names and list of numbers, this is what happens.
26:12
Fredy Aviles: It's subject to the zero position fact. So if you want to remember things better, right, you want to improve recall for the middle items, then you need to change the order, but that's the Syria position effect.
26:26
Fredy Aviles: Me give you another example just to make it more interesting for you guys. Right. Let's say that
26:33
Fredy Aviles: Let's say you. Okay, well, we'll say you're a girl. That's right. Let's say you're female and let's say you're heterosexual. Right. And you've had a bunch of boyfriends. Right. Fredy Aviles: Guess what, you probably remember the name of your first boyfriend, maybe the second one, but maybe the third and and you probably remember your current boyfriend in the one before that. And the one before that.
26:53
Fredy Aviles: But if there's a lot of them. If there's been like 20 of them or 30 and let's say you've had a lot of boyfriends. Right. You probably don't remember some of them do you the names of some of them. No, you don't. Some of the ones in the middle, probably not right.
27:08
Fredy Aviles: That's the serial position effect.
27:10
Fredy Aviles: Okay.
27:12
Fredy Aviles: And I you know I didn't have a whole bunch of girlfriends. When I was in junior high in high school, but you know I had my share. I had some here and there, you know,
27:22
Fredy Aviles: I don't know. There might have been close to 10 and all those years or something like that, relationships, back then, I mean I had girlfriends only that really should only lasted like two weeks, some other than two months. Right.
27:34
Fredy Aviles: They didn't last very long right one did. And that was a that was one for the end right but Fredy Aviles: You know, I can tell you, I remember my first girlfriend's name. Right. Her name was Myrna actually she wasn't really A girlfriend, but the first girl I kissed. I was at the park. I was like 12 years old, actually she kissed me. I was my first kiss. I remember her name right.
27:56
Fredy Aviles: I don't remember the second girl like kiss or the third or anything like that. I can tell you the most recent one, or the one before that. And the one before that. Fredy Aviles: But so nevermind girlfriends, like the girls that kiss. Right. I don't remember all of them, right. I remember some of them. They weren't all girlfriends. By the way, I remember my first cast right
28:14
Fredy Aviles: I remember most most recent kiss right or the person right this is what happens. That's a serial position effect, right. Fredy Aviles: When you have things in a certain order, you always remember the first things. And the last thing is very well. Fredy Aviles: Okay, if you do enough for her. So if you repeat the information over and over again. Or if you engage in what's called laboratory rehearsal. Right.
28:32
Fredy Aviles: You could get information in what's called long term memory long term memory. As the name implies, is long term storage of information. Fredy Aviles: That's when you can remember things for a long time, long term memory has a large capacity. Okay. You can store a lot of information that's why it's called long term memory. It's a vast storehouse of information have a lot of meaningful information, a lot of things that you remember
28:54
Fredy Aviles: That are in long term memory that you can remember for years are things that are important to you, you remember your birthday. Don't write you remember your mother's name if you have a brother or sister. Remember their names, your dog's name right.
29:07
Fredy Aviles: You remember your first kiss right your first love. Right. If you got married, you probably remember that, you know, you remember all this stuff. A lot of the things that you remember for a long time is meaningful information.
29:21
Fredy Aviles: Also traumatic events, you know, that time you went to a car accident you almost died. If that happened to you, you probably never forget that. That's a traumatic event.
29:31
Fredy Aviles: Right, or that time you got robbed at gunpoint. Well, hopefully something like that has not happened to you, but if it has happened to you. That's a traumatic event, you probably always remember that.
29:40
Fredy Aviles: Right.
29:43
Fredy Aviles: I had a bike crash. You know, like, six weeks ago you know I was writing my mountain bike up in those hills.
29:51
Fredy Aviles: I was going a little too fast on a turn.
29:55
Fredy Aviles: AND THE STUPID BIKE slim slim into the ground broke a few ribs. I go to the hospital. Right. Fredy Aviles: I'm just about better now. Okay. I have a little bit of pain when I stretch, but I'm a lot better now. I'm almost normal. I have never gonna forget that that was a traumatic event. I thought I was gonna die, hit the ground so hard.
30:12
Fredy Aviles: I hit with my head. Okay. I was wearing a helmet. If I didn't have a helmet. I would be dead. But I hit with my head with the side of my body I broke some rich. That's how hard I hit okay um Fredy Aviles: I was wearing knee pads, but not my knee pads weren't the ones that got her right is my head in my ribs that hit I hit on the side. Right.
30:34
Fredy Aviles: On the dirt right there would have been rocks would have been worse, but it was dirt that's a traumatic event. I'll probably never forget that. But I got all scared. I thought I was gonna die. At first I was all out of it.
30:47
Fredy Aviles: I, at first I thought, oh, I was really worried and and scared i i when i first hit. I was days. I didn't know if I was going to MIT. I hit so damn hard. I literally thought that I was dying.
31:01
Fredy Aviles: You know, it was traumatic.
31:04
Fredy Aviles: Um, but also information that you've rehearsed numerous times that could also get into long term memory like that phone number of that girlfriend that I had that I call thousands of times, right, because I was desperate, I guess. Fredy Aviles: And that's all we did was talk on the phone right I'll probably never forget that.
31:18
Fredy Aviles: Or let's say that information right that you learned from psychology class. If you're a psych major you're going to take lots of site classes, you can learn lots of things. Fredy Aviles: And you're going to encounter some information over and over again, like maybe correlations Fredy Aviles: Or stuff about experiments or stuff about certain or whatever it is, if it's your major. You're going to learn a lot about it. You can see it many times.
31:36
Fredy Aviles: You probably remember that I've been teaching these classes right cycle on one other classes so long that I'm never going to forget this stuff. Fredy Aviles: I've been talking about it for 15 years you know twice a year, twice a semester I mean know twice a year, sometimes multiple times that have to cite one on ones right yeah stuff rehearsed, or that you've done over and over again.
31:58
Fredy Aviles: Long Term Memory also works with retrieval cues. There are things that help you remember some of the stuff that's in there. Sometimes you think you don't remember right, somebody named like so you can't remember that girlfriend's name. Fredy Aviles: It's you still can. It's in there, right, if it was meaningful to you. Maybe you need a cue, you need a hint, right, like maybe I kind of remember my first girlfriend's name.
32:19
Fredy Aviles: For whatever reason, I can't think about it, but it's in there. I can remember it. Right. I might need a hint. And I'm I need to think, Oh, sounds like mermaid. And then I remember oh yeah Myrna that was her name Myrna right our last name, to tell you the truth.
32:36
Fredy Aviles: Right, okay. Okay, that sounds mean but if that's an kind of an old fashioned name. It's not popular anymore anymore. Right.
32:43
Fredy Aviles: But that was her name right. I'm sorry to make fun of that make light of that, yeah. That's not fair. Okay. But yeah, um, yeah. That will that will help me remember her name sounds like mermaid right Fredy Aviles: That's how long term memory works. It works with retrieval cues. There's more about long term memory. There are certain kinds of memory certain kinds of long term memories that are special.
33:02
Fredy Aviles: And seem to be stored differently. Okay, and one type of special kind of long term memory is called the flashbulb memories right a flashback memory is a vivid memory of a highly emotional vent. A flashbulb memory. Fredy Aviles: Is a memory of something that was extremely emotional and I'm we're talking about stuff that's really emotional. Now a lot of you cannot relate to this, but
33:27
Fredy Aviles: The news of a catastrophe, for instance, would be would create a flash for memory if you live to that for people like me. Fredy Aviles: People have been hurt a little bit younger and older 911 is one of those flashbulb memories. It was that day when terrorist attack to us. And basically they hijack some planes and they flew those planes into the World Trade Center.
33:51
Fredy Aviles: Destroyed those buildings they collapsed. Right. Lot of people died thousands of people died, you know, a war was started, it was a horrible day in American history.
34:03
Fredy Aviles: I'm probably never going to forget that, and even telling you about it now getting a little emotional right it's that kind of memory. It's a highly emotional memory. Fredy Aviles: It is so emotional that it's very vivid, you remember where you were, what you were doing who you talk to. Right. It's almost as if you have photographic memory, all of a sudden
34:22
Fredy Aviles: But you do not. It's a special kind of memory. It's a very emotional memory is called the flash memory. It's called flashpoint because it's like somebody took a picture. Fredy Aviles: And the flash went off. Right. Research has shown that it is easily remember these memories are easy to remember because they're very emotional.
34:39
Fredy Aviles: And will eventually talk about how emotions helped stored memories consequentially a lot of important changes lot important consequences because of that event, a lot of things changed okay wars were started wars, by the way, that are still going on.
34:53
Fredy Aviles: You know, on a
34:56
Fredy Aviles: Lot of people died.
34:59
Fredy Aviles: A lot of things change new laws were passed.
35:04
Fredy Aviles: You have different laws now because of 911 because of 911
35:08
Fredy Aviles: Now, the government is spying you all on you all the time. They know what you're searching for on the internet. They're tracing your calls. They know who you call Fredy Aviles: They know when you call they know where you live, they know everything because they're always looking at us now because of that event, it changed history.
35:26
Fredy Aviles: Right. Don't let that make you paranoid right if you're a law abiding citizen shouldn't get into any trouble. But if you're doing stuff that d legal they might bust you. Even if it's not terrorism related. Okay.
35:38
Fredy Aviles: There's also a lot of rehearsal. With that information during night after 911 right like 911 right people talked about it and they thought about the event a lot Fredy Aviles: I remember talking to my mom, I remember talking to, you know, my, my colleagues, I was in graduate school, I remember, you know, watching it on the news over and over again.
35:59
Fredy Aviles: For weeks and months. That's all they talked about on the news. So guess what you thought about it a lot. You got to rehearse it a lot, those are reasons why it's so easy to remember.
36:10
Fredy Aviles: But research shows that this these memories do fade with time you do lose some details they do fade with time, but it is still a very strong memory.
36:18
Fredy Aviles: Now we can break up long term memories into other types as well. There are what we call declarative memory so fresh memories are special kind of emotional memory, which will fit into some of these types of we're going to talk about right now.
36:33
Fredy Aviles: There are different types of long term memories we have what are called declarative memories or explicit memories. Fredy Aviles: They're called declarative because you can declare you can talk about them, you're aware of it, right, you can easily express these memories, also called explicit
36:46
Fredy Aviles: And there's two kinds, there's semantic memory and episodic memories semantic memory is memory of general information facts rules semantic memory is memory for things you can write in a book.
36:58
Fredy Aviles: Like how many feet. There are in a mile 5280. I don't know why exactly that number sticks. But I remember that. Probably because I like science. Okay. And it's a fact about how long miles. Fredy Aviles: And there's 660 acres and a square mile. I like things like that for some reason, I remember those things very easily. Um, General facts information, who was the first president
37:21
Fredy Aviles: You know, what is the name of our current president, you know, that kind of stuff. That's all. Semantic memory. It's memory for things that involve words. Okay. Fredy Aviles: But we also have episodic memories memory for specific events memory of the last time you voted. If you've ever voted or memory of your last birthday.
37:40
Fredy Aviles: You know, or the memory of your first kiss or something like that. Those are episodic memory. Their episodes in your life specific events in your life. Fredy Aviles: Semantic memory and episodic memories are both declarative memory. You can easily talk about them, you're aware of them. They are explicit it's it's obvious that these memories exist.
37:58
Fredy Aviles: But we also have what are called non declarative memories or implicit memories. These are memories that are not easily expressed, we're not very aware of them. We assume they exist.
38:11
Fredy Aviles: But they're non declarative. They're hard to talk about. It's hard to be aware of them. Okay, they're there, but they're hard to express and some of those are called procedural memory procedural memories are memories for things that you do motor skills and habits.
38:29
Fredy Aviles: So to think of that simply declarative memories. I mean declarative procedural memories are memories for things that you do right Fredy Aviles: Like movements driving is a movement you move your hands a certain way right your feet a certain way for the gas and the brake right Fredy Aviles: Those are procedures or when you swim. When you if you do gymnastics or you know how to ride a bike not tie your shoes you know how to write
38:56
Fredy Aviles: Those are all procedural memories. There are memories for things that you do physically for motor skills for habits things you do again again motor skills, just the first two movements. You know how to play the piano.
39:08
Fredy Aviles: Right, you develop that skill that's a procedural memory. They said that you never forget how to ride a bike, you know, it's
39:16
Fredy Aviles: It's it involves memory a physical kind of memory, called the procedural memory.
39:22
Fredy Aviles: That's a non declarative memory and implicit memory. It's hard to explain that. Right.
39:28
Fredy Aviles: How do you ride a bike, you just know how to do it. It's hard to explain how the memory works.
39:36
Fredy Aviles: And also emotional memories are also non declarative memory is implicit we remember a lot of things, emotionally, and we don't always understand why like learned emotional reactions. You know, like when you see when you see a red and you feel disgusted.
39:54
Fredy Aviles: Why does that make you feel disgusted.
39:58
Fredy Aviles: The, the truth is, is that rats are associated with things are that are disgusting like filth and disease and trash and things like that.
40:06
Fredy Aviles: So it's classically conditioned, it's a learned emotional reaction right but also other things like when you like someone right Fredy Aviles: Can you explain why you like someone. It's very hard to do that, you're gonna say was, because you know she's good looking, or he's good looking, or because you know
40:25
Fredy Aviles: You know we grew up together. Right. The reality is that you don't know the reality is, is that those people that you like are associated with positive things they are there may be associated with laughter with partying with good times. Right.
40:42
Fredy Aviles: You know, with your childhood, which was happy childhood. Hopefully, that's why you like certain people when. When you love someone you're attracted to a certain kind of person, right. Maybe you like
40:53
Fredy Aviles: You know, I don't know, brunettes, or blondes. Or maybe you like girls with glasses or you like guys who are tall or box or whatever it is, whatever your type is
41:04
Fredy Aviles: You don't even understand why you like those kind of people. It is all emotional and the reality is, is that they probably remind you of someone else that you like or something else that's positive. It is basically a learned emotional reaction.
41:23
Fredy Aviles: And there's an emotional reaction. It's an emotional. It's an emotional memory. They are hard to explain.
41:30
Fredy Aviles: But they involve memory. And by the way, flashbulb memories are a type of emotional memory. But there are a special time right
41:41
Fredy Aviles: Here's a figure is a flow chart to help put it together. So there are different kinds of long term memory long term memory can be broken up into explicit Fredy Aviles: Non declarative memories that includes procedural memory skills and actions and emotional memories. Fredy Aviles: Right emotional conditioning costs plus conditioning stuff right
42:00
Fredy Aviles: And long term memories can also be broken up into explicit memories or declarative memories things you can declare or talk about that includes episodic memories so specific events, things that happened to you. Things you remember things you did right and then semantic memories.
42:15
Fredy Aviles: Things that has to do with words knowledge concepts numbers information. Fredy Aviles: Right. So there's different kinds of long term memories and that it's important to realize that, because not all memory their memories aren't equal, guess what, if you should develop Alzheimer's and you start losing memories, you're not going to lose them all equally.
42:35
Fredy Aviles: The memories that are going to go first, are going to be your semantic memories, you're going to start forgetting information. In fact, you're going to start. You're going to start forgetting what certain things are called certain names.
42:49
Fredy Aviles: Okay, but you'll still remember those episodes, you'll still remember those procedural memory those emotional memories. Fredy Aviles: As Alzheimer's progresses, you will eventually start forgetting also episodes of your life you'll forget that you've done certain things. Fredy Aviles: Like maybe you'll start cooking and you turn on the stove and you will forget that you did that, and you think you haven't done that and then you're likely to burn down the house.
43:12
Fredy Aviles: And as you get older, you will even forget those people you love you will forget those people and how people that are close to you and that you love them, you care for them. And after a while, they will seem like strangers to you.
43:26
Fredy Aviles: And some of the last things you'll forget are procedural memories. Eventually you'll forget how to talk how to walk. How to bait. How to do everything, and you'll just be alone sitting there before you die.
43:40
Fredy Aviles: That's a little bit about how Alzheimer's progress progresses. I know I'm not an expert in Alzheimer's, but I know a little bit about it. Okay.
43:48
Fredy Aviles: And this just comes to show that memories are not all the same. They're not all equal. They're not all lost in the same way. And they they're stored by the way in different parts of the brain.
44:00
Fredy Aviles: And here's a review of the Atkinson shipping model. We just talked about the Atkinson different model. Fredy Aviles: The theory that explains how memory works. Now, you should be able to look at this and understand it. So first you have sensory input you see something you hear something that becomes part of sensory memory.
44:18
Fredy Aviles: Okay information that's not transferred to the next step will be lost. So if you immediately look away if you don't think about the information. What you see what you hear, whatever it is, right, you will immediately, forget it within a few seconds if you pay attention.
44:34
Fredy Aviles: Do something with the information it gets into short term memory. Fredy Aviles: With short term memory. That's when you're using information. So you are actually rehearsing information when you use it when you're thinking about it when you're working with. It's also called working memory. Fredy Aviles: Anything that's not trying to to the next step will be lost. Yes. If you don't rehearse it enough if you don't use it enough it will eventually disappear.
44:54
Fredy Aviles: Might be in a few minutes. Okay, if you use the information enough it will get into long term memory. Things that you remember for years, maybe decades stuff you've rehearsed over and over again stuff that is meaningful to you stuff that's traumatic.
45:09
Fredy Aviles: Okay, that's the ad consumption model of memory. If you understand it, you should be able to look at this little chart and understand how it works.
45:17
Fredy Aviles: Ok. The next part is about reconstruction know things related to memory. We will stop here. We're a little bit less than halfway, but it's okay.
45:27
Fredy Aviles: We're you know we are about halfway. So, we will stop there.
45:32
Fredy Aviles: I will stop recording
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