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0:01
Alexandria Reynolds: Okay, so we're going to just pick right back up where we left off last. Alexandria Reynolds: class, and that is talking about sheriff and ashes. Alexandria Reynolds: Studies and remember both of these studies were looking at conformity, but the difference between the two studies was really, what was the stimuli in terms of was it ambiguous or was it unambiguous and so ambiguous would mean that it's really hard to tell it's hard to discern.
0:33
Alexandria Reynolds: it's it's like you're just not sure, because it could go any way and then unambiguous just means it is very clear. Alexandria Reynolds: And, for example, if you're asked a question, and there is a very clear answer so in sheriff study which we didn't really go into super detail about. Alexandria Reynolds: This was a particular study, where there was like a small, there was a screen and then there was a light a light on the screen and it was really difficult to tell.
0:58
Alexandria Reynolds: If the light, because it was blinking and then it moves, but it it's almost like did it move it was really hard to distinguish and so in this case, when you had people together. Alexandria Reynolds: In a group and and you had a confederate said somebody in on the experiment, who answers incorrectly and they say Oh, I saw move to the left okay.
1:20
Alexandria Reynolds: When it's ambiguous, then people are going to then be more likely to conform because they're just not sure, and so the conformity occurred. Alexandria Reynolds: In this case, and they privately accepted that that was the right answer so this was public compliance and private acceptance they. Alexandria Reynolds: They complied with everybody else they they they said yes, they conformed they said Okay, the light moves to the left.
1:50
Alexandria Reynolds: And they personally felt that it probably move to the left, because it's really hard to tell and if other people said it moved to the left, then surely moved. Alexandria Reynolds: To the left so sheriff studies was all about you know i'm being ambiguous and are people going to follow through right.
2:13
Alexandria Reynolds: So in ashes study remember he had the line study and the examples that he gave for the sample line were very clearly different from what the confederates were answering in the in there were very.
2:30
Alexandria Reynolds: very clear clearly the wrong answer, and so this is very unambiguous stimuli they knew the answer was wrong. Alexandria Reynolds: If you ask them later, they would say I knew it was wrong, but I went with the crowd anyway because. Alexandria Reynolds: They didn't want to look stupid they didn't want you know they they were just wanting to not be rejected by these strangers right.
2:54
Alexandria Reynolds: So in this case, there was public compliance, but there was no private acceptance, because they knew that the answer was incorrect. Alexandria Reynolds: But they were going along with the crowd and conforming anyway so just because you know the answer is correct or not doesn't necessarily mean.
3:08
Alexandria Reynolds: That you're not going to conform right, so you might say, to yourself hey you know this isn't the right decision to make, but you feel very awkward and you feel the urge to go ahead and confirm anyway.
3:20
Alexandria Reynolds: Now, what happens if you're in a group of friends right and you don't conform to. Alexandria Reynolds: The group okay so we're going to talk about this in a minute, where we all have like a pass right, we can we can not conform so many times before it becomes a problem right so let's say that everybody let's say you're in a group of friends and you guys all.
3:49
Alexandria Reynolds: I don't know do a particular activity together and.
3:54
Alexandria Reynolds: You have decided that you're no longer going to participate next at that activity okay you're like maybe all you guys, do you just go to the movies that's what you do you're always going to the movies. Alexandria Reynolds: And you're like this is what we do, as a group, and this is what we enjoy doing Okay, and then you decide that you no longer want to engage in this activity you're not going to conform anymore you're not going to go along with the crowd.
4:18
Alexandria Reynolds: If you make that decision to no longer conform, what do you think your friends are going to do.
4:25
Alexandria Reynolds: They might let you get away with it a couple times, but then at what point at some point they're going to be like.
4:30
Alexandria Reynolds: what's going on, so what do you think they're going to do if you go against the grain, and this can be any kind of thing where you're not conforming anymore, to the group.
4:45
Alexandria Reynolds: So what do you, what do you think they're going to do.
4:55
Alexandria Reynolds: Okay you're okay so you're gonna eventually so I got a comment here you'll get progressively push out of the circle. Alexandria Reynolds: Yes, eventually, but what if I got another comment shunned out of the group, but that's not the first step, the first step isn't oh they're no longer going with us to the movies they're out of the group.
5:14
Alexandria Reynolds: that's usually not the first step because you're allowed a few passes and then something's going to happen there's going to be a change in the way that the group is going to respond to you. Alexandria Reynolds: So before you get shunned before you get pushed out of the circle, but. Alexandria Reynolds: You know, at a certain point they're going to no longer invite you, and they're no no longer going to want you to join with them because you're going against.
5:37
Alexandria Reynolds: You know the groups like what you do so before you get Sean and before you get pushed out, what do you think they're going to do.
5:46
Alexandria Reynolds: Okay, so, then I began oh Come on, you used to come and say you know they might talk to you, there might be some discussions, they might be like hey what's up you know why are you acting differently right. Alexandria Reynolds: they're going to try to bring you back into the fold they're going to try to convince you to come back.
6:04
Alexandria Reynolds: And to to stop going against their grade right there's another comment, they might confront you they might ask you why you're not coming anymore what's going on right. Alexandria Reynolds: So there might be a mix of some like just having kind of a heart to heart to you or they might ask you blatantly hey what's going on.
6:21
Alexandria Reynolds: There also maybe some teasing right then i'd be like oh you got a boyfriend now I you and I go to the movies of this, you know, there might be a little bit of teasing right. Alexandria Reynolds: If those things don't work. Alexandria Reynolds: Now we're starting to see that people might the friends might start being more negative they might say negative things about you, they need withdraw they may try to push you out of the group they're going to stop inviting you right.
6:42
Alexandria Reynolds: And so, this is the consequence of when you resist normative social influence when you're in a group. Alexandria Reynolds: And you start to disregard those group norms you don't do what they're doing you don't you don't go along with what they're saying you go against it, then.
6:57
Alexandria Reynolds: Step one they're going to be like let's try to bring you back into this mix and then, if that doesn't work step two is progressively pushing you out maybe possibly saying negative things about you to basically reject you out of the group Okay, so this is what we typically see.
7:16
Alexandria Reynolds: Now, when it comes to.
7:20
Alexandria Reynolds: What is the social norm right social norms can be anything they can go it can literally be fashion two scripts what you say to what you talk about all these different things one really.
7:37
Alexandria Reynolds: well known sort of normative social influence in everyday life is fashion right so toys.
7:45
Alexandria Reynolds: What you were you know what's popular you know watching particular TV shows are going to particular movies, these are all things that we see kind of daily right being a an important sort of. Alexandria Reynolds: factor of everyday life and so like here's some crocs and you know crocs have come in and out of the fashion circle it used to be, you know, at one time crocs were like.
8:09
Alexandria Reynolds: You know, they were everywhere, and then, so it was like you know 2007 2007 it was like that was what everybody wore right that was like the kids parents everybody wore. Alexandria Reynolds: crocs and you could find them anywhere, and then you could get like little things to put in them as decoration whatever. Alexandria Reynolds: And then, then, about five years later, like everyone hated crocs right there was like Oh, why are you wearing crocs it's that's like.
8:35
Alexandria Reynolds: You know, nobody wears those everybody had them, but nobody wore them out like some people would like wear them inside or something you know. Alexandria Reynolds: And then there's a there was in a Facebook group called the anti croc page right and it had like I don't know, over one and a half million followers right, so there are a lot of people very anti crocs.
8:56
Alexandria Reynolds: Well, if you look now um it's kind of back and popular again, you can still find them my middle son has a pair actually. Alexandria Reynolds: My two youngest all have pairs of cracks and they love to wear them around the middle one has glitter ones, you know it's just. Alexandria Reynolds: And then you, you can put this little liking, the column giblets or something in it and they're like little jewels or.
9:16
Alexandria Reynolds: Little characters you can put in it, you know so they tend to go they'll they'll come in and out of fashion and. Alexandria Reynolds: If you if you were these when they're popular if you were crocs when they're popular. Alexandria Reynolds: Then you know you you're part of the in crowd if you wear them when they're not popular then you're going against the crowd and a new might get made fun of you know.
9:33
Alexandria Reynolds: i'm same thing with toys, you know toys that really popular tickle me elmo. Alexandria Reynolds: troll dolls these all used to be popular beanie babies were popular in the 90s, these are all things that everybody sort of had, and if you didn't have it, then you know you were not New York cool right.
9:49
Alexandria Reynolds: On in the late 90s early 2000s we had genco genes which are making a comeback, by the way, i've noticed really wide like jeans are really coming back, and that was popular when when I was a teenager is wearing these genco jeans and the wider the leg the, the better they were.
10:07
Alexandria Reynolds: In the 80s, you know, we had the parachute pants MC hammer war we had these I think these are more popular, probably in the 20 probably 2010s or so. Alexandria Reynolds: And these are like little bracelets that you could put, but when you take them off they look like a shape of an animal, these are really popular in the 90s and it's just chokers that are plastic, these are all things that kind of come in and out in the 1970s and you saw like.
10:36
Alexandria Reynolds: Like hippie pants like bell bottom jeans.
10:40
Alexandria Reynolds: And then you see them.
10:43
Alexandria Reynolds: They became popular again in like the early 2000s, and they kind of go in and out late 1999 80s 1990s and early 2000 and they just become they become they come in and out of fashion, and so this is kind of like a you know, a trivial sort of like.
11:02
Alexandria Reynolds: example, but this is something where you can see where everybody starts wearing the same thing So what do you think. Alexandria Reynolds: Right now, is something that you see in fashion, something that everybody has everybody wears or everybody, you know is sort of going along with so what's something it could be anything, it can be.
11:19
Alexandria Reynolds: purse type, it can be shoes, it can be a style, what do you guys see that, like everybody wears claw hair clips those used to be the thing back in like the 90s now they're coming back right claw hair clips What else do you see that are like really popular right now.
11:41
Alexandria Reynolds: To anything else, where you see everybody wearing hoodies instead of jackets yeah leggings always going to be popular because really comfortable.
11:50
Alexandria Reynolds: Anything else that you guys can think that are like really that are really like either making a comeback, or like something that you see.
11:58
Alexandria Reynolds: record players yeah, so this is an example of not fashion, but something that's become popular again and that's actually getting a physical record player and playing albums. Alexandria Reynolds: bell bottoms they are trying to think of I was calling them.
12:12
Alexandria Reynolds: That I say bell bottoms I was trying to think of the word bell bottoms but yeah those are coming back now bell bottoms but you chunky shoes and bell bottoms yeah the 90s, are making a making a comeback um but you know yeah so like you can see people like doing certain things that.
12:27
Alexandria Reynolds: might be like, for example, charcuterie boards are really popular right now drinking wine. Alexandria Reynolds: These are all things that are like fads there, there are things that everybody feels like they need to do because everybody else is doing them like I do not particularly like wine I don't really like alcohol.
12:42
Alexandria Reynolds: And I like the taste of it and so everyone's like who you know you don't drink wine now I don't drink wine I don't drink beer um you know I like apple juice that sounds good. Alexandria Reynolds: You know and it's just it's My personal preference, but when when you don't say you when you say I don't do something that everybody else does and then people will start you know, excluding you from conversations now a lot the the.
13:07
Alexandria Reynolds: example where we see, like, for example, fashion, and you have record players and all that. Alexandria Reynolds: that's all like Oh, you know that's definitely something that is not really a big deal and it's like oh that's conformity on a certain level but.
13:19
Alexandria Reynolds: When we talk about body influence social influence on body image that's a big deal okay um so when you look at, and then we call it sort of non trivial, this is something that is you know, a big it's a big deal. Alexandria Reynolds: it's something as trivial as like what clothes are you wearing it's not really big deal. Alexandria Reynolds: So non trivial example of social influence is is looking at, for example, body image and so women tend to.
13:45
Alexandria Reynolds: You know, try to attempt to whatever to conform to whatever their culture defines as an attractive body, and of course it depends on what culture you're in in terms of what that body looks like so in western. Alexandria Reynolds: Cultures like in America, for example on extreme thinness is is what is considered the social like accepted bodies stop body type and you know, especially in like the 90s.
14:14
Alexandria Reynolds: thinness was like very, very like sickly then was it, and then we started to get more into body positivity and then now we're actually kind of moving more into.
14:26
Alexandria Reynolds: Being muscular and so more so muscular for men, but we do see women being fit becoming a more sort of popular desirable trait right so in so we seeing in western cultures, we see that the.
14:43
Alexandria Reynolds: You know in American culture this, then this is more valued, but in other cultures, we see clumpiness and fullness valued. Alexandria Reynolds: And so what we value is not universal the fact that there is a type that that one kind of strive toward maybe more of a universal characteristic, but what you strive to be is culturally determined um.
15:06
Alexandria Reynolds: let's see so i've got a comment here didn't medieval artists portray heavier women as more attractive because it was seen as being linked to healthy pregnancies so yeah there's a there's a evolutionary psychology. Alexandria Reynolds: explanation here that certain body sounds like wider hips you know, having more fat, you know that you can actually you know see on the body is linked to healthier and more sort of reproductive capabilities right.
15:35
Alexandria Reynolds: So there there's an explanation for you know that being a desirable trait but culture can work that and so um when we we can actually predict the likelihood of a culture.
15:52
Alexandria Reynolds: desiring a plump body versus a thinner body based on food availability, so if you see a particular country where food is really hard to get okay. Alexandria Reynolds: Then it's more likely that that culture is going to desire more blunt body, whereas if you have a culture or a country where you have. Alexandria Reynolds: Food readily available it's really easy to you know you can just go down the road and get mcdonald's, for example.
16:19
Alexandria Reynolds: Then you're going to be more likely to see that the body style that's desired is thinner. Alexandria Reynolds: And so I always like to think of it is what is it harder to attain right that is this a desirable trait so if it's really hard to get food and to be plump, then that is going to be. Alexandria Reynolds: The more desirable body type it's really easy to be bigger because you have to you know maintain a particular.
16:46
Alexandria Reynolds: diet than that chances are you're going to see that, on the desirable desired body type is probably going to be thinner. Alexandria Reynolds: And we can actually see this in the research, so you can see, this here i'm looking at 54 cultures dividing them into groups in terms of. Alexandria Reynolds: What is the body ideal body type in that particular culture, it was split into three categories, a heavy body, a moderate body or a slender body.
17:09
Alexandria Reynolds: And when you look at the reliability of food supply and the culture, going from very unreliable seven cultures fit into that. Alexandria Reynolds: All the way to very reliable five cultures fit into that, and this would be like, for example in American culture where food is is readily available for most people. Alexandria Reynolds: And you're going to actually see the trends so, for example, if food is very unreliable, then in this is where we see that the cultures.
17:36
Alexandria Reynolds: That fit into this category seven of them fit in there, oh no none of those seven cultures value to slender body right so very unreliable food source very easy to be thin because you don't have food that's not going to be the desirable body type okay here as as we go into very reliable.
17:57
Alexandria Reynolds: Culture, you see here is so there are about five cultures here and then 40% of those are going to have.
18:09
Alexandria Reynolds: The slender body as being more likely to be the one to that is desirable okay um and So here we can see.
18:20
Alexandria Reynolds: You can see that there the ratings change based off of reliability and in terms of food, reliability and in terms of desirable. Alexandria Reynolds: Body styles so as the reliability of that food supply increased the the preference for those moderate to heavy body types decreased right and it was more likely that they were going to look.
18:41
Alexandria Reynolds: For a more desirable body ideal body type being a slender body, and we see this in American culture as well um and so i'm.
18:52
Alexandria Reynolds: The hypothesis is that in our societies were food is is pretty scarce is frequently scarce a heavy body would be considered. Alexandria Reynolds: The most beautiful, because these women had enough to eat and therefore we're more likely to be healthy and fertile okay um so does anybody have any questions about that at all, or is everybody to give me a thumbs up if you feel pretty good about that.
19:17
Alexandria Reynolds: So the more reliable of food, the more likely that the body style that ideal body types can be a thinner body, and when you have less reliable food you're going to your that culture is more likely going to be.
19:32
Alexandria Reynolds: looking for a heavier body as an ideal body time, so does anybody have any questions about that so give me a thumbs up if you feel pretty good about that.
19:44
Alexandria Reynolds: Good good good okay alright so let's look at this and you, we can actually see this across in the US, looking at. Alexandria Reynolds: Like looking at sort of archival archival analysis, so, if you look at mean average bust to waste ratios of models that are in magazines like vogue ladies home journal.
20:06
Alexandria Reynolds: And we can look at this over the course of 80 years, so this was 1901 all the way to 1981, and so the yellow is ladies home journal, and then the Green is vogue So these are really similar types of magazines.
20:21
Alexandria Reynolds: And the idea is is that there are certain points in time, where the models and in ideas is that the models are going to reflect the cultural standard of that time, so if the models are very thin. Alexandria Reynolds: Very have a low you know busta busta to waist ratio, then that means that at the time the culture, probably the society at the time value that particular body style so if they were really, really thin.
20:46
Alexandria Reynolds: That in the models in the magazines are really thin then probably that's what people wanted to see so here. Alexandria Reynolds: You can see that early on, there was a pretty high average bus to waist ratio here in the early 1900s and, if you think about American history um you know that being kind of the you know wanting the healthier, you know.
21:11
Alexandria Reynolds: wider hips bigger breasts you know if we think about what was happening in the early 1900s you know food was not very reliable during this time. Alexandria Reynolds: You know, we were talking and thinking about war thinking about rations you know all those sorts of things. Alexandria Reynolds: And the Great Depression and things like that you know food was was was relatively scarce, so you can actually see this happen within over time within a particular culture or country.
21:38
Alexandria Reynolds: on it, as well as across different cultures as well, so here, we have not, you know that a fuller body was was more. Alexandria Reynolds: prevalent in the these different magazines and then we see a really big drop here now if you're familiar with like flapper girls in the 1920s. Alexandria Reynolds: There was a really big push for rail thin like fit all the way down right, so no but no chess just super super skinny That was the the.
22:12
Alexandria Reynolds: The ideal body type for the for the 1920s and again, you know kind of looking at food availability at this time, probably much more available than you know 10 years prior and so. Alexandria Reynolds: That is the desirable body type and then, as we went, you know as we go into, for example, into. Alexandria Reynolds: World War Two we see the pinup girls being a plumper you know style style and again food scarcity, probably being an issue during this time as well.
22:42
Alexandria Reynolds: We see that you know that that relationship happening there and then of course we see a drop off in the 1970s, with models like twiggy who are again very thin. Alexandria Reynolds: And then it really dipping in the 1980s and then in the 1990s again being very, very thin being more the ideal body style.
22:59
Alexandria Reynolds: So these are definitely trends that we can see over time and in a good way to see this is through things like magazines and media and what was what was a you know kind of be advertised, and so you know models wearing clothes that were just you know.
23:14
Alexandria Reynolds: You know, falling off their body basically because they were so thin these are things that we can certainly see over time.
23:20
Alexandria Reynolds: And if we look at how women are seeing things in media, like, for example in the 80s and 70s and all that. Alexandria Reynolds: We are seeing that being a trend, and then we can see it today in media, but also in social media and so we're going to talk a little bit about that I got a comment, why are women's bodies, in particular, being judged.
23:39
Alexandria Reynolds: Well, you know if we look at our you know our culture and the way that you know socially that we raise our children, you know we raise our children to be a certain way. Alexandria Reynolds: If you have a baby, you know you're going to be like a little bit strong little boy, and it could be the same exact baby and you're going to be like oh she's so feminine the feminine you know and it's just kind of how our culture looks at gender.
24:02
Alexandria Reynolds: We can also look at this and is as an evolutionary perspective explanation by saying um you know women's bodies have always been critiqued because they're, the ones who are. Alexandria Reynolds: You know, carrying children and babies and you know, in looking at mate selection and preference, you know that's always been more of an important thing than looking at male bodies.
24:26
Alexandria Reynolds: And that's just kind of like so we could look at it from kind of an evolutionary perspective, we can look at it, a cultural. Alexandria Reynolds: A social perspective i'm not saying that it's right or that we should only focus on women's bodies there's definitely more focus on men's bodies today than there was you know decades ago, and so men are. Alexandria Reynolds: Absolutely getting you know judgment from their bodies in right now, if we look at our culture.
24:53
Alexandria Reynolds: That judgment is being more muscular right so for women, it tends to be on you know thinness and. Alexandria Reynolds: You know how they're kind of caring for themselves and if they're you know, putting on makeup if they're taking care of their their features and stuff whereas men it's more of like you know.
25:10
Alexandria Reynolds: Having a more muscular body type and we're going to talk about that, and then it and how boys see that reflected in toys and things so we're going to get to that in a second. Alexandria Reynolds: So informational social influence can tell women um yeah men do get judged for being too skinny. Alexandria Reynolds: But we actually have started to see that men are at an increasing rate having eating disorders, because you know they want to.
25:38
Alexandria Reynolds: They might have body dysmorphia and not be happy with their bodies, so they can you know they can absolutely have issues with. Alexandria Reynolds: Maintaining a healthy body weight as well, definitely not reserved for women, we just tend to see women as having a higher percentage of that so um yeah that's definitely a factor in there.
25:56
Alexandria Reynolds: So, if we look at an informational social influence, so this is how we learn what is the ideal body style right, so we learn what's considered attractive we learn. Alexandria Reynolds: That within our own culture, but we also learn that in other cultures right so when we consider who were comparing ourselves to right so just in kind of our our sort of.
26:18
Alexandria Reynolds: Our world our sort of world, as we see kind of right in front of us, you know we're comparing ourselves to things like our. Alexandria Reynolds: Our parents were seeing comparing to grandparents were comparing to friends and family members. Alexandria Reynolds: And they and we're looking at them, to see how are they talking about their own bodies, so if you grew up with a mom, for example, who is always like trying to die it and trying to watch your weight.
26:44
Alexandria Reynolds: You know that's going to affect how you view your own body, but we also so we're learning from the people who are in front of us, but we're also learning from people who are.
26:56
Alexandria Reynolds: You know, in our bigger world right so those who are in.
27:03
Alexandria Reynolds: That were there falling on social media those who were watching on TV, you know all of these things are going to affect how we view our own bodies and how we learn about what body style is more attractive, and so we, we can learn this through media social media all those things.
27:22
Alexandria Reynolds: Now what's interesting is that other cultures are looking at other cultures ideal body styles and, as for example Western culture starts to be. Alexandria Reynolds: kind of viewed across Eastern cultures we're starting to see some of that bleed into their own culture, so, for example, Japanese women, if you look.
27:45
Alexandria Reynolds: at how Japanese women valued beauty prior to the 1940s, so in like mid 1940s and World War Two compared to how it's viewed now there's a really big difference there and so. Alexandria Reynolds: As we see over time where there's more access, so you know over you know from you know exposure to Western culture through Americans being in Japan and in different countries for.
28:14
Alexandria Reynolds: For the military, for example, and the now we start to see social media being worldwide and other cultures, seeing what Western culture looks like. Alexandria Reynolds: Now we're starting to see big differences in how these beauty standards change so we're seeing, for example, traditional Japanese beauty standards looking a particular way and then now it's starting to become more Western so looking at, for example on.
28:46
Alexandria Reynolds: Change so looking at I shape looking at josh shape face shape so um there are people who go through very radical surgeries doing things like.
29:00
Alexandria Reynolds: Really extensive plastic surgery to change from a rounder face to a more teardrop face or to a thinner chin if you there's a lot of influencers on tick tock, for example, who use a very specific and these can be Japanese or different Asian cultures.
29:20
Alexandria Reynolds: They actually use a filter to sharpen the chin and you can, and then they use tape and all sorts of things if they don't want to do or can't afford a plastic surgery. Alexandria Reynolds: We actually see these standards are changing and other cultures, to be more like what we see in western cultures and so social informational social influences changing beauty standards across different cultures.
29:44
Alexandria Reynolds: And that can be, of course, that can be a really that can be a really big thing so for a Westernized look okay we're seeing things like long legs a longer body style right we're seeing different kind of.
30:01
Alexandria Reynolds: Face shape I shape we're seeing.
30:06
Alexandria Reynolds: More pressure to be thin, whereas in Japan before prior to World War Two we saw maybe a plumper body style now we're seeing a thinner body style. Alexandria Reynolds: And so, these are really interesting kind of changes to different cultures, and these are becoming normative right so now in Japanese culture. Alexandria Reynolds: You know, wanting to conform to American culture is going to change how they are viewing themselves and how they're going about that change.
30:34
Alexandria Reynolds: Now we also see this happening, of course, within our own culture. Alexandria Reynolds: And we see this happening in normative social influence, so we have informational social influence where other cultures are learning about Western culture and changing their beauty standards. Alexandria Reynolds: We also see this happening through normative social influence and what is it a part of the group that is normal, what is the script what is the social norm across.
30:56
Alexandria Reynolds: The group, one thing that we see happening, for example in sororities is that can be problematic developing group norms of fitness for example, because what can happen is. Alexandria Reynolds: Is that those sorority Members can develop things like eating disorders, because they're trying to maintain a body shape and style, that is the norm for their group. Alexandria Reynolds: And so we find things like binge eating, we might see anorexia.
31:23
Alexandria Reynolds: We might see that the new Members are trying to conform to the sororities norms, because they want to be accepted by the group and so things like eating disorders, like believe me up. Alexandria Reynolds: For example, Bolivia is a good example because that's factoring in like binge eating and then purging i'm.
31:42
Alexandria Reynolds: Using things so purging fasting vomiting use of laxatives to try to maintain a particular body shape or style, and so we actually do see this happening in. Alexandria Reynolds: In sororities you know across the US and we're also finding to that there's a mix of social influence happening here, because if you look at a new sorority Member, for example, coming in.
32:08
Alexandria Reynolds: it's very, very likely that the initial conforming behavior is actually due to informational social influence, because a new pledges learning. Alexandria Reynolds: Information about how to manage their weight and what is the expectation for a sorority Member what is the expectation for this particular group. Alexandria Reynolds: So that's informational social influence kind of learning that whole process and what's going on.
32:29
Alexandria Reynolds: And then, as they are into that group and start to learn what the social norms are. Alexandria Reynolds: Now they're trying to match their behaviors and might that might be bingeing behaviors that might be purging behaviors they're going to match that behavior to the sorority standards and that of their friends that now has.
32:47
Alexandria Reynolds: Essentially evolved from informational social influence into normative social influence so they're both leading to conformity but it's a matter of like what is the where is it starting and how does it evolve later on.
33:03
Alexandria Reynolds: So that's when it right so that's more women image now let's talk about men's body image because it's we don't often talk about you know eating disorders or.
33:14
Alexandria Reynolds: issues with body dysmorphia in men, and that is a huge deal because, especially as we look at body positivity, we have to think about body positivity, not just for women. Alexandria Reynolds: But for men as well for all genders right and so over time, the cultural norms for men's bodies have changed and so right now we're seeing this kind of muscular you know gym rat kind of thing being more more popular and so men are going to feel this pressure to achieve this ideal body.
33:43
Alexandria Reynolds: That they see similar to how women are experiencing this pressure to to have this ideal body style so might be for men have ibs six pack, you know. Alexandria Reynolds: It might be being in the gym six days a week, right, and so what happens is that when when when men can't achieve it they're going to do things that are going to speed up the process.
34:06
Alexandria Reynolds: or it's going to make it easier, so they might do things like use steroids, for example, or ephedrine to try to get that look, and so, if you look at. Alexandria Reynolds: how people are changing their their their habits right to have a more muscular physique there was a study that was done not too long ago that saw. Alexandria Reynolds: 21 to 42% of young men have altered their eating habits in order to gain muscle.
34:37
Alexandria Reynolds: or weights, because there are too thin there they weren't muscular enough about 12 to 26% who actually dieted to reduce their weight, because they might be considered overweight or they might get teased for that or whatever. Alexandria Reynolds: So we know that informational and normative social influences are being are, of course, operating on then, just as they are on women because it's affecting their perceptions of their bodies attractiveness.
35:03
Alexandria Reynolds: And if we look at toys right, so please we look at girls toys like Barbie dolls. Alexandria Reynolds: You know they there was a there was a an interesting sort of documentary not too long ago that looks at. Alexandria Reynolds: How a Barbie doll shape and looking at it proportion is literally impossible to do in a human body, the I think the women would be like seven foot five and it just the proportions were way way off.
35:26
Alexandria Reynolds: And so, looking at the Barbie dolls now and, like the Disney Princesses and looking at things like marijuana, for example the one has a different body style than the previous Princesses. Alexandria Reynolds: Looking at a mirabelle and condo and looking at you know this sort of more representative body styles really getting.
35:48
Alexandria Reynolds: At his body positivity I got a comment here terms like bulking and cutting and men's fitness are these eating disorders in disguise, or are they healthy um well.
35:58
Alexandria Reynolds: I mean.
36:00
Alexandria Reynolds: they're unhealthy habits right so bulking up you know, trying to. Alexandria Reynolds: Take pre workouts and post workouts can be very unhealthy if done, if not done in moderation, doing things like yo yo diets trying to. Alexandria Reynolds: Bulk up you know this, this week, cut down next week, that is very unhealthy, for your body, so those practices and behaviors can be very unhealthy um but you know.
36:26
Alexandria Reynolds: Having a muscular physique is not necessarily unhealthy it's just what are you doing to get there, and how is it taking over your life. Alexandria Reynolds: And body dysmorphia is looking at your body and basically never really being happy with it, because you can never attain these sort of unattainable goals and so. Alexandria Reynolds: You know kind of keeping that in mind, that you can be absolutely healthy and have a healthy sort of mental health.
36:49
Alexandria Reynolds: And and view of your own body, but that has to be done in moderation, it has to be done in a healthy way. Alexandria Reynolds: And when you start to obsess over your health and obsess over your eating habits, that is, it that's a disorder and of itself is this kind of obsession with how many calories or am I getting what are my macros you know how many calories in my burning how many you know how much.
37:11
Alexandria Reynolds: Protein Am I taking it is that starts to take over your life that can be problematic so going back to toys, so this right here, this is an example of. Alexandria Reynolds: Just a regular sort of toy that a boy typically boy related toy right. Alexandria Reynolds: And so, this would be like Okay, if you measure the waist the chest and biceps of the action figures toys that you know, have been you know really popular over the last few decades.
37:39
Alexandria Reynolds: you're going to find that that So if you look at, for example, the. Alexandria Reynolds: physique have a toy, and you know 2010 versus the physique have a toy 1970 you're going to see that they've built up, you know they've really, really bulked up, and these are very unrealistic. Alexandria Reynolds: Images because they're exceeding even like the the the bodybuilders of the biggest humans, that we have.
38:05
Alexandria Reynolds: they're still even unattainable for them, and so that's a problem because that sets the wrong image for boys that Oh, you need to look like this and that's physically impossible, just like we see with girls and Barbie dolls and seeing. Alexandria Reynolds: there's no way I can I can be that thin or it can be that proportion because that's just physically not possible.
38:24
Alexandria Reynolds: um so does anybody have any questions about like body style and that, because now we're going to move into more about normative social influence, but. Alexandria Reynolds: likelihood of conforming so if anybody does anybody have any questions we're going to talk about the factors when it comes to conforming and likelihood is anybody have any questions, give me a thumbs up feel pretty good.
38:45
Julie Jenkins: I have a comment because i'm along with the Disney Princesses. Alexandria Reynolds: My. Julie Jenkins: way, because then they have babies and their body, as I started to change as well, to be more.
38:57
Julie Jenkins: Like a more of a diverse range of. Julie Jenkins: women's bodies, so I thought that was really cool. Alexandria Reynolds: yep we're definitely seeing that in the toys now, which is so not only representative across body style and tight, but representative across hair hair types. Alexandria Reynolds: skin color you know, and this is really great for kids to be exposed to things, especially if they're not in a majority right if they're able to get a doll that looks like them.
39:25
Alexandria Reynolds: Whether its body shape or hairstyle you know this representation is really important for people to feel seen and they feel like that okay. Alexandria Reynolds: that's what I look like or that's what my mom looks like or that's what my dad looks like and so it's really nice to kind of see.
39:39
Alexandria Reynolds: That these toy manufacturing companies are starting to reflect that in the toys that are coming out so yeah no that's great that's that's great that you're you're seeing that observing that as well.
39:52
Alexandria Reynolds: Okay, so let's look at some of the factors that come into play of the likelihood of you conforming right, so we have this idea of the social impact theory, and this is that there are certain factors that. Alexandria Reynolds: Are have to be in place to make it more or less likely for social influence to actually have an effect on you okay so number one is um strength okay so.
40:20
Alexandria Reynolds: How important is that group to you, are you in a group with strangers, are you in a group of people that you know, and you love very, very much.
40:29
Alexandria Reynolds: What is, you know what is that relationship of those members of the group to you so strength is important immediacy is important. Alexandria Reynolds: So when something is more immediate like we talked about like a crisis situation, we talked about you know, having to think fast.
40:47
Alexandria Reynolds: you're going to be more likely to conform right, so you, you are tend to be more likely to conform when the strength of the group is it's very strong to you, like you have a very strong connection you're going to be more likely to conform. Alexandria Reynolds: If the immediacy is i'm like you have to act very fast, then you tend to be more conform to to perform more.
41:06
Alexandria Reynolds: And it depends on the number of people in the group so there's it's actually really interesting thing here there's a CAP to this there's actually kind of a CAP this because the fewer there are the, the fewer.
41:20
Alexandria Reynolds: Know members of the group, there are the less likely going to conform to a certain point, and as you start to add members you're going to be more likely to conform, but then there's kind of like a cut off so we're going to talk about that here in a minute. Alexandria Reynolds: So here is, if you were in a group Okay, this is the group and you only have like one other person right in the group.
41:42
Alexandria Reynolds: you're probably not going to conform you're not going to really go along with with that person. Alexandria Reynolds: And then, as you start to add people in the group who are disagreeing with you you're going to be much more likely to conform until you hit a cat so here between about um.
41:57
Alexandria Reynolds: You know, six or seven six to eight people that's really like the CAP at that point, adding more people to the group isn't going to change your likelihood of conforming okay. Alexandria Reynolds: So if you have a group of people, and you have two people other people in the group. Alexandria Reynolds: And those two people are disagreeing with you you're going to be less likely to conform.
42:16
Alexandria Reynolds: than if five other people were disagreeing with you right, but then, if you have 15 people disagreeing with you you're going to be no more likely to conform, then, if the group was just you know six or seven. Alexandria Reynolds: So the number of people in the group actually does impact your likelihood to conform.
42:36
Alexandria Reynolds: So when we talk about this group size right so. Alexandria Reynolds: This is kind of just what I was saying here, as you increase the number of the group, especially those who are disagreeing with you, or who are something that you're you're trying to decide to conform to.
42:50
Alexandria Reynolds: As you increase the Members is going to increase your likelihood up until about five six then it's like at that point conformity doesn't really increase that much after that, because that's kind of the the CAP um.
43:03
Alexandria Reynolds: Does anybody have any questions about that kind of went through that kind of fast, but that's a pretty I think that's a pretty simple concept, the more people you have in a group, the more likely you're going to confirm, I think that's that's pretty common sense. Alexandria Reynolds: But there is kind of a cap on that.
43:15
Alexandria Reynolds: So that was one thing that we talked about one of the factors. Alexandria Reynolds: The other factor is the importance of the group, the strength of the group right so when you have a cost to being rejected by the group so you really care about this group. Alexandria Reynolds: Whether it's you love them because they're they're your family or they're really close friends or you respect them, and you want them to respect you back.
43:35
Alexandria Reynolds: That that strength of the relationship is going to impact the likelihood of you can for me so you're going to be more likely to conform. Alexandria Reynolds: To normative pressures on when those people have a strong connection to you Okay, because there's a cost to losing them. Alexandria Reynolds: Whereas, if you have a group of strangers, and you go against the strangers you never see them again.
43:57
Alexandria Reynolds: And so yeah you might conform but you're going to be a little less likely to conform to a group of strangers, because you know if they don't if they think you're an idiot. Alexandria Reynolds: And you never see him again it's like okay well that hurt my feelings, but when you have a family member who's like I never want to see you again because you're not conforming to social norms and that's going to change, you know your likelihood of conforming.
44:22
Alexandria Reynolds: Now, when you have a group that's really highly cohesive okay um and they and everybody kind of wants to get along there's going to be.
44:32
Alexandria Reynolds: there's going to be less likely to want to rock the boat so more people are going to conform to this group okay um they. Alexandria Reynolds: They can make less logical decisions, because nobody wants to argue nobody wants to upset that relationship so when you have a really cohesive group where everybody's getting along. Alexandria Reynolds: And nobody wants to rock the boat then everybody's gonna be like oh sure yeah we'll go oh yeah that sounds good, you know.
44:55
Alexandria Reynolds: So, for example, if you're like severely lactose intolerant right and everybody wants to go to like an Italian restaurant, and you know that everything, and you know everything that you're going to eat, probably as dairy in it. Alexandria Reynolds: you're not going to rock that boat, even though you know that's that's something that you don't want to conform to you're going to be more likely and that's not a logical decision for you, because you're going to hurt.
45:14
Alexandria Reynolds: You know, after dinner you're going to be more likely to go with the group because you don't want to upset anybody you don't want to upset any relationships.
45:22
Alexandria Reynolds: Now, when you have a situation where you don't have anybody on your side you don't have an ally okay. Alexandria Reynolds: you're gonna be a lot more likely to conform Okay, think about it this way um if you are in let's say you.
45:38
Alexandria Reynolds: want your during the pandemic, you were really big about wearing your mask Okay, and you were your mask everywhere, and then you went into a situation where nobody is wearing the mask and you might not actually know these people at all. Alexandria Reynolds: But you're in it, maybe a social situation and you're wearing a mask you walk in and nobody's wearing their mask okay.
45:57
Alexandria Reynolds: you're going to feel awkward there's nobody else wearing their mask you might be much more likely to take your mask off just so that you don't feel as awkward in that group setting now. Alexandria Reynolds: If you had an ally, so, if you look over and somebody sees you wearing their math your mask and then they put a mask on. Alexandria Reynolds: Now you have an ally, because that person is kind of like you're like doing the same thing.
46:19
Alexandria Reynolds: So now you're going to be less likely to take your mask off and conform to everybody else, even if you have a dozen people and they're all wearing masks. Alexandria Reynolds: you've got at least one or two people who are your allies who are along with you, and following along with you you're going to be less likely to conform, so they did this in the ash studies, so what they did is they had.
46:40
Alexandria Reynolds: A lot of people who were. Alexandria Reynolds: going against saying the wrong answer right, so they would have they changed the very the number of people in terms of who was giving the wrong answer, and then they would have. Alexandria Reynolds: A couple of people who are giving the right answer so when you had an ally somebody else, giving the right answer, then you are not alone in your answer and so conformity dropped a 6% remember it's 32% before 6%.
47:07
Alexandria Reynolds: When you had an ally you're going to be like you know what i'm not alone in this this other person thinks that's the right answer i'm going to go along and not conform to the six or seven other people who are saying the wrong answer. Alexandria Reynolds: So if you have somebody who is an ally in the group you're going to be much less likely to conform to the majority because you feel comfortable that you have somebody on your side.
47:29
Alexandria Reynolds: you're going to be much more likely to resist that normative social influence, because now you're have more self confidence and you're kind of emboldened to resist that. Alexandria Reynolds: That normative social influence because somebody else's also resisting it now what happens when you don't have an ally, as you can imagine um. Alexandria Reynolds: it's uncomfortable right and you don't want if nobody is going against you, you don't want to be the dissenter.
47:53
Alexandria Reynolds: We can actually look at this in the US Supreme Court decisions, so there was a content analysis of all the supreme court decisions from 1953 to 2001 and what this is this is. Alexandria Reynolds: 4178 decisions okay and involved 29 different justices and what they found is the most common decision was nine to zero.
48:19
Alexandria Reynolds: Okay, so the most common decision was nine zero where everybody was you know, on the same boat and there was no dissenters okay that constituted. Alexandria Reynolds: 35% of their decision so that's unanimous okay so unanimous decision is all nine said, we agree with this and we go, we we judge this right we we go with this Decision No dissenters.
48:44
Alexandria Reynolds: The least common decision was one where it was an eight one split, so we have one dissenter that was only 10% of the decisions in the span of 48 years. Alexandria Reynolds: So 35% was the most common and having unanimous decision, and only 10% was when you had one justice, who went.
49:06
Alexandria Reynolds: Against the other eight justices so it's really difficult it's really difficult to be the person who is saying I am going this direction, away from the crowd okay you it's very hard to do that's very awkward it doesn't feel right OK.
49:23
Alexandria Reynolds: Now, another thing that we find happening with social influence is it can be very dangerous Now this is where this kind of bonus activity comes in, if you look on moodle you'll see. Alexandria Reynolds: That there is a bonus activity posted about propaganda so pay close attention to this, so that we can make sure we have a really good participation in that so it's an optional activity but it's worth a few extra points as a bonus activity so propaganda, this is.
49:51
Alexandria Reynolds: where you have something it might be a written thing it might be a verbalize it might be a picture, this is some systematic attempt to manipulate thoughts and behaviors. Alexandria Reynolds: And so i'm telling you right now, if you guys just just like pay attention on social media.
50:07
Alexandria Reynolds: you're going to see this everywhere, and a lot of times we don't recognize propaganda until we've seen some examples and now we're starting to recognize it and you see it everywhere. Alexandria Reynolds: Especially when you look at at times of war, so like, for example, right now, today, we see Russian propaganda against Ukrainians in.
50:25
Alexandria Reynolds: Right now, you can you can see it if you go, you know, on on media sources, if you go on reddit you're going to see the propaganda and it's it's blatant Okay, this is a way. Alexandria Reynolds: To work people's thoughts and minds about in this case, for example during war groups of people Okay, so in the 1930s, the Nazi regime.
50:51
Alexandria Reynolds: Really really like jumped on this propaganda right so propaganda defined is the deliberate systematic attempt to shape perceptions manipulate cognition and direct behavior to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandists so in this case, what i'm these.
51:16
Alexandria Reynolds: That the this group is doing that the Nazis were trying to work citizens views on different groups of people, for example, Jewish people Okay, so at off Hitler knew. Alexandria Reynolds: The power of propaganda and used it as a tool of the State Okay, so in a totalitarian, fascist regime regime okay. Alexandria Reynolds: um the state is the expert Okay, so people will look to the state for guidance and for information.
51:44
Alexandria Reynolds: And so it's always present it's always there it's always right and it always needs to be obeyed right when you have a society like this, or a rule like this. Alexandria Reynolds: So propaganda would persuade Germans through informational conformity, so they learned facts right which were not true, but facts about. Alexandria Reynolds: For example, Jewish people and they learn solutions to what the Nazis had defined as the Jewish question so we saw things like people saying.
52:14
Alexandria Reynolds: The propaganda saying. Alexandria Reynolds: Jews took our jobs, you know you know don't trust these people because they're out to get you they're doing this they're doing that they're bad right. Alexandria Reynolds: And so, this propaganda fed into all these lies and started to shape how people are viewing this group of people, we see this happening in Russia, right now, where they're trying to say that Oh, Ukraine is killing their own people and they're doing this.
52:37
Alexandria Reynolds: that's all propaganda it's all lies, so that Russian citizens will believe what's going on um you know that the what's not really happening in Ukraine. Alexandria Reynolds: So there were things like youth groups, for example, so in in in the 1940s youth groups were encouraged to spy on their own parents and report them to the Gestapo if they were not good.
53:01
Alexandria Reynolds: Citizens Rights and so people like neighbors co workers sales people you know people that own shops. Alexandria Reynolds: They were supposed to sort of patrol it and report if anybody's being disloyal, and so they were really buying into this because. Alexandria Reynolds: They were seeing this as fat too, because they saw the Nazi regime as the experts right.
53:22
Alexandria Reynolds: So things like rejection of being ostracized being even tortured or killed, these were really strong motivators for things like normative conformity because. Alexandria Reynolds: That was what's motivating people if I don't report them then i'm going to get in trouble and they're going to kill me or they're going to hurt my family right so.
53:42
Alexandria Reynolds: Propaganda works on two levels it works on informational social influence because it's it's building on this incorrect information. Alexandria Reynolds: And it is building a pre existing beliefs, sometimes stereotypes things like that it is giving you factual even though it's not factual information about groups of people and then what happens is that if we can actually see people.
54:04
Alexandria Reynolds: conforming and also privately accepting these views, because these are facts and information that they didn't know previously or they fit into this particular narrative. Alexandria Reynolds: Now we also see propaganda happening on a normative social influence level where on.
54:20
Alexandria Reynolds: You know these are the norms, this is what you do everybody reports on somebody who's being disloyal, this is what the normal is this is what the norms are right Oh, you see, somebody that's not. Alexandria Reynolds: Acting in line what is acting in line on you know paying you know your taxes or your dues to the Nazi regime, making sure that you.
54:40
Alexandria Reynolds: Do a salute every time somebody passes right, these are all things that are part of this social norms at the time. Alexandria Reynolds: And if you don't do it you're going to be ostracized rejected you're going to get in trouble right so propaganda and these techniques are are working on two different social influence levels just makes them even more dangerous right. Alexandria Reynolds: Because if you don't follow it you're going to get hurt you're going to get in trouble.
55:03
Alexandria Reynolds: And, in some cases, but informational social influence you actually believe it, and so you you you you follow through because you just do you think that must be the case right now here's some silly examples of propaganda, so we talked about like.
55:17
Alexandria Reynolds: You know, just like some silly means you might see out like, for example, duck face and it's like duck lips kill erections you know it's not. Alexandria Reynolds: You know, nobody nobody wants to see it's not it's not sexy right so that would be an example of kind of a silly propaganda techniques so it's trying to give you information about don't do this thing anymore, because nobody nobody thinks it's attractive right.
55:39
Alexandria Reynolds: This right here this isn't, this is the enemy looking at Mario and.
55:44
Alexandria Reynolds: playing into like.
55:47
Alexandria Reynolds: You know Nintendo games and stuff So these are kind of more.
55:51
Alexandria Reynolds: Like lower key kind of sillier propaganda, but if we look at historically, and these are you're not allowed to use these on your on your on your. Alexandria Reynolds: Your your activity, by the way you have to find your own and don't just Google and find the first ones, you need to be able to explain it, you need to be able to tell me why their propaganda.
56:08
Alexandria Reynolds: So you can't just like make pictures and and and run with that So these are a few actual real examples. Alexandria Reynolds: um so here it's you know don't talk rats have big ears, this was something that on any if you look in the background is the Japanese flag, so this was supposed to the rat was supposed to represent Japanese.
56:26
Alexandria Reynolds: And this is some this is propaganda to say that you have no idea who, if you see a person who looks Japanese assume that they're the enemy right.
56:38
Alexandria Reynolds: don't say anything about anything that you know about war anything that you know, because on Japanese spies can hear what you're saying and or they might take this back to. Alexandria Reynolds: You know their their country, and so this was huge propaganda and actually ended up, resulting in a lot of people getting hurt and.
56:58
Alexandria Reynolds: Because at the time, and during World War Two on Japanese were put in internment camps on us soil. Alexandria Reynolds: Right so anybody that looked Japanese is considered the enemy and they were they were ostracized rejected. Alexandria Reynolds: They were saying Oh, you know, we know that anybody who's Japanese is is against the United States when that wasn't the case we have people who were born in the United States.
57:18
Alexandria Reynolds: And just so happened to look Japanese or perhaps were Japanese had family Japanese. Alexandria Reynolds: Japanese and they were being ostracized and put in internment camps, because they were considered dangerous we saw the same thing happening, you can actually see propaganda from.
57:31
Alexandria Reynolds: When right around 911 and people against anybody that looked Middle Eastern Arab you know, everybody if you're wearing a turban and you were you know dangerous, and so this kind of propaganda is really, really dangerous because people can get hurt and people can get you know.
57:49
Alexandria Reynolds: Get have a lot of really, really physically bad things happen them to all but also mental health. Alexandria Reynolds: As well i'm here we have a propaganda against marijuana now remember marijuana wasn't always illegal right. Alexandria Reynolds: And so they'll say oh it's you know it's the devil and it's going to you know it's going to it's the devil's harvest is going to you know warp your children and it's going to do all these horrible things.
58:14
Alexandria Reynolds: So this is actually a poster for a movie called devil heart devil's harvest because marijuana was outlawed at the national level in the US 1937 and so.
58:26
Alexandria Reynolds: This is a poster for a movie for propaganda that came out in the 1930s that tried to intimidate the public, so that they wouldn't use the drug illegally. Alexandria Reynolds: But again, you can see stuff like this, all over the place, depending on what is currently like you know happening in in society.
58:42
Alexandria Reynolds: So how is it that you can resist propaganda normative social influence information on social media, how do you how do you resist it right, first of all be aware that it exists, be aware that propaganda is social.
58:58
Alexandria Reynolds: Is informational social influence and that's trying to work, what you think right and try to be aware of when.
59:08
Alexandria Reynolds: Inappropriate normative social influences happening when everybody's doing something, and you should not follow along. Alexandria Reynolds: Take action number one find an ally, we know that the more allies, you have that's going against the the norm, the more likely, the less likely you're going to be to conform.
59:23
Alexandria Reynolds: And, just like we talked about when it came to like if you have a group and you're doing something, and you go against it, a lot of times you have what we call earned ED idiosyncrasy credits, these are like.
59:37
Alexandria Reynolds: These are like tokens that you earned to go against the grain, so if everybody's like oh oh let's go see this movie and you're like. Alexandria Reynolds: And so maybe a four friends and all four friends are like we want to go see this movie and you're like no, I want to go see this movie.
59:50
Alexandria Reynolds: There you're allowed a few of those right and nobody's going to say anything there's no consequence to that they're they're you know they're there they have a tolerance built to being able to go against the grain um. Alexandria Reynolds: To a certain point right, and so you can defy the group and not conform and still be accepted and not rejected and no problems and these idiosyncrasy credits are ones that you earn over time.
1:00:15
Alexandria Reynolds: Because this because you have been following the norms of this group for a while and so these are sort of earned over a period of time.
1:00:26
Alexandria Reynolds: Okay, I have um let's see I want to talk about obedience but we're not going to have time for that. Alexandria Reynolds: So i'm going to actually i'm going to cut here and i'm going to see I can't remember, if I have a video at this point that talks about the rest of this. Alexandria Reynolds: i'm going to check this and if I don't i'll do a video for the last few slides.
1:00:46
Alexandria Reynolds: But I want to see if anybody has any questions because i've gone over a lot of concepts in a short period of time, and I want to make sure that nobody is confused about anything so i'm going to go ahead and stop the recording.
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